He 111 mau makahiki mai ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ʻo Kina i ke kūkulu ʻana i ke kahua wai wai ʻo shilongba, ke kahua wai wai mua i ka makahiki 1910. I kēia mau makahiki ʻoi aku ma mua o 100, ua hana ka ʻoihana wai a me ka uila o Kina i nā hana kupaianaha mai ka hiki ke hoʻokomo ʻia ʻo shilongba hydropower station o 480kw a 370 miliona wale nō. ʻO KW, kahi kūlana mua ma ka honua.Aia mākou i loko o ka ʻoihana lanahu, a e lohe mākou i kekahi mau nūhou e pili ana i ka hydropower, akā ʻaʻole mākou i ʻike nui i ka ʻoihana hydropower.
I kēia lā, e hoʻomaopopo pōkole kākou i ka hydropower mai nā loina a me nā hiʻohiʻona o ka hydropower a me ke kūlana o kēia manawa a me ka ulu ʻana o ka hydropower ma Kina.
01 mana hoʻomohala kumu o ka hydropower
ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻo ka hydropower ke kaʻina o ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ikehu hiki o ka wai i ka ikehu mechanical, a laila mai ka ikehu mechanical i ka ikehu uila.ʻO ka ʻōlelo maʻamau, ʻo ia ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai kahe e hoʻohuli i ke kaʻa no ka hana mana, a ʻo ka ikehu i loko o kahi muliwai a i ʻole kekahi ʻāpana o kāna kīʻaha e pili ana i ka nui o ka wai a hāʻule.
ʻAʻole mālama ʻia ka nui o ka wai o ka muliwai e ke kanaka kānāwai, a ua maikaʻi ka hāʻule.No laila, i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale wai wai, hiki ke koho ʻia ke kūkulu ʻana i ka pā a me ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka hāʻule ʻana, i mea e hoʻomaikaʻi ai i ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā kumuwaiwai wai.
ʻO ka Damming ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi pā ma kahi e hiki ai me ka hāʻule nui, hoʻokumu i kahi waihona e mālama ai i ka wai a hoʻokiʻekiʻe i ka pae wai, e like me ka Three Gorges Hydropower Station;ʻO ka hoʻololi ʻana e pili ana i ka hoʻohuli ʻana i ka wai mai ka waihona i luna a i lalo ma o ke kahawai hoʻololi, e like me Jinping II hydropower station.
02 mau hiʻohiʻona o ka hydropower
ʻO nā mea maikaʻi o ka hydropower ka mea nui i ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni a me ka hoʻoulu hou ʻana, ka hana kiʻekiʻe a me ka maʻalahi, ka uku mālama haʻahaʻa a pēlā aku.
ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni a me ka mea hou e pono ai ka pono nui o ka hydropower.Hoʻohana wale ka hydropower i ka ikehu i loko o ka wai, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopau i ka wai, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻohaumia.
ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho wai turbine generator, nā mea hana mana nui o ka hana hydropower, ʻaʻole pono wale nō, akā maʻalahi hoʻi e hoʻomaka a hana.Hiki iā ia ke hoʻomaka koke i ka hana mai ke kūlana paʻa i loko o kekahi mau minuke a hoʻopau i ka hoʻonui a hoʻemi i ka hana i loko o kekahi mau kekona.Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ka Hydropower no ka hana ʻana i nā hana o ka kahiki kiʻekiʻe, ka hoʻololi ʻana i ke alapine, ka hoʻouka ʻana a me ke kū ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana mana.
ʻAʻole hoʻopau ka Hydropower i ka wahie, ʻaʻole pono i ka nui o nā manpower a me nā mea hana i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka mining a me ka lawe ʻana i ka wahie, loaʻa nā mea maʻalahi, nā mea hana liʻiliʻi, ka liʻiliʻi o ka mana kōkua, ka lōʻihi o ke ola o nā lako a me ka haʻahaʻa hana a me ka uku mālama, no laila ka mana. He haʻahaʻa ke kumu kūʻai o ka hale wai wai, ʻo 1 / 5-1 / 8 wale nō o ka hale mana wela, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu o ke kahua wai wai, a ʻoi aku ma mua o 85%, ʻO ka maikaʻi wela o nā mea kanu ahi. aia ma kahi o 40% wale nō.
ʻO nā hemahema o ka hydropower ka nui o ka hopena o ke aniau, kaupalena ʻia e nā kūlana ʻāina, ka hoʻopukapuka nui i ka wā mua a me ka pōʻino i ke kaiaola.
Hoʻopilikia nui ʻia ka hydropower e ka ua.Inā i ke kau maloʻo a me ka wā pulu, he kumu kuhikuhi nui ia no ke kūʻai ʻana i ka mana lanahu o nā mea kanu wela.He kūpaʻa ka mana wai e like me ka makahiki a me ka panalāʻau, akā pili ia i ka "lā" ke kikoʻī ʻia i ka mahina, ka hapaha a me ka ʻāina.ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke hāʻawi i ka mana paʻa a hilinaʻi e like me ka mana wela.
Nui ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka Hema a me ka ʻākau i ke kau wai a me ke kau maloʻo.Eia nō naʻe, e like me nā helu o ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka hydropower i kēlā me kēia mahina mai 2013 a i 2021, ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka manawa wai o Kina e pili ana iā Iune a ʻOkakopa a ʻo ke kau maloʻo e pili ana i Dekemaba a Pepeluali.ʻO ka ʻokoʻa o ka hana mana ma waena o nā mea ʻelua hiki ke ʻoi aku ma mua o ka pālua.I ka manawa like, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike ma lalo o ke ʻano o ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka mana mai Ianuali a Malaki i kēia makahiki ma mua o kēlā i nā makahiki i hala, a ua like ka mana o Malaki me ka makahiki 2015. Ua lawa kēia e ʻike ai i ka "stability" o ka hydropower.
ʻO ka hana wai wai i kēlā me kēia mahina mai 2013 a 2021 (100 miliona kwh)
Ua kaupalena ʻia e nā kūlana pahuhopu.ʻAʻole hiki ke kūkulu ʻia nā hale mana wai ma kahi o ka wai.ʻO ka Geology, ka hāʻule, ka wikiwiki o ke kahe, ka neʻe ʻana o nā kamaʻāina a me ka ʻāpana hoʻokele i kaohi ʻana i ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi kahua wai wai.No ka laʻana, ʻaʻole i hoʻoholo ʻia ka papahana mālama wai ʻo Heishan Gorge i ʻōlelo ʻia ma ka National People's Congress i ka makahiki 1956 no ka maikaʻi ʻole o ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā pono ma waena o Gansu a me Ningxia.A hiki i kēia makahiki, ua ʻike hou ʻia i ka manaʻo o nā kau ʻelua, Ke hiki ke hoʻomaka ke kūkulu ʻana ʻaʻole maopopo.
ʻO ke kālā e pono ai no ka hydropower he nui.ʻO nā hana pōhaku honua a me nā hana hoʻoheheʻe no ke kūkulu ʻana i nā hale mana wai he nui, a he nui nā lilo no ka hoʻomaha ʻana;Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole ʻike wale ʻia ka hoʻopukapuka mua i ke kapikala, akā i ka manawa pū kekahi.Ma muli o ka pono o ka hoʻonoho hou ʻana a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā keʻena like ʻole, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ke kaʻina hana o nā kikowaena hydropower he nui ma mua o ka mea i hoʻolālā ʻia.
Ke lawe nei i Baihetan Hydropower Station ma ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana ma ke ʻano he laʻana, ua hoʻomaka ʻia ka papahana ma 1958 a ua hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o ka "hoʻolālā ʻekolu makahiki ʻelima" ma 1965. Eia naʻe, ma hope o kekahi mau wili a me ka huli ʻana, ʻaʻole i hoʻomaka ʻia a hiki i ʻAukake 2011. A hiki i kēia manawa, ʻAʻole i hoʻopau ʻia ʻo Baihetan Hydropower Station.Ma waho o ka hoʻolālā hoʻolālā mua, ʻo ka pōʻai hana maoli e lawe ma kahi o 10 mau makahiki.
ʻO nā waihona wai nui ke kumu o ka wai nui ma ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ka pā, i kekahi manawa e hōʻino i nā ʻāina haʻahaʻa, nā awāwa muliwai, nā ululāʻau a me nā mauʻu.I ka manawa like, e hoʻopilikia pū ia i ka kaiaola wai a puni ka mea kanu.He hopena nui ia i ka iʻa, ka moa wai a me nā holoholona ʻē aʻe.
03 i kēia manawa o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka hydropower ma Kina
I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻomau ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka hydropower i ka ulu ʻana, akā haʻahaʻa ka piʻi o ka ulu ʻana i nā makahiki ʻelima i hala iho nei
I ka makahiki 2020, ʻo 1355.21 biliona kwh ka mana o ka mana wai, me ka piʻi ʻana o ka makahiki he 3.9%.Eia naʻe, i ka manawa o ka 13th Five Year Plan, ua ulu wikiwiki ka makani makani a me ka Optoelectronics i ka manawa o ka 13th Five Year Plan, ma mua o nā pahuhopu hoʻolālā, ʻoiai ʻo ka hydropower i hoʻopau wale i ka hapalua o nā pahuhopu hoʻolālā.I nā makahiki he 20 i hala iho nei, ua kūpaʻa ka hapa o ka hydropower i ka huina o ka mana, mālama ʻia ma 14% - 19%.
Mai ka ulu ʻana o ka mana o Kina, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ua emi ka ulu o ka hydropower i nā makahiki ʻelima i hala iho nei, i mālama ʻia ma kahi o 5%.
Manaʻo wau ʻo nā kumu o ka lohi ʻana, ma ka ʻaoʻao hoʻokahi, ka pani ʻana o ka hydropower liʻiliʻi, i ʻōlelo maopopo ʻia ma ka 13th ʻelima makahiki hoʻolālā e pale a hoʻoponopono i ke kaiaola.Aia he 4705 mau kikowaena wai wai liʻiliʻi e pono e hoʻoponopono ʻia a hoʻihoʻi ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻo Sichuan wale nō;
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, pōkole ʻo Kina i nā kumuwaiwai hoʻomohala hydropower nui.Ua kūkulu ʻo Kina i nā kikowaena hydropower e like me Three Gorges, Gezhouba, Wudongde, Xiangjiaba a me Baihetan.ʻO nā kumu waiwai no ke kūkulu hou ʻana i nā kikowaena hydropower nui wale nō paha ka "piko nui" o ka muliwai ʻo Yarlung Zangbo.Eia nō naʻe, no ka mea e pili ana ka ʻāina i ke ʻano geological, ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni o nā mālama kūlohelohe a me nā pilina me nā ʻāina a puni, He paʻakikī ke hoʻoponopono ma mua.
I ka manawa like, hiki ke ʻike ʻia mai ka ulu ʻana o ka mana o ka mana i nā makahiki he 20 i hala iho nei, ua hui pū ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka mana wela me ka nui o ka ulu ʻana o ka mana o ka mana, ʻoiai ʻaʻole pili ka ulu o ka hydropower i ka ka ulu ʻana o ka nui o ka mana o ka mana, e hōʻike ana i ke kūlana o "ke piʻi i kēlā me kēia makahiki".ʻOiai aia nā kumu no ka hapa kiʻekiʻe o ka mana wela, hōʻike pū ia i ka instability o ka hydropower i kekahi ʻano.
Ka ulu ʻana o ka mana
Ma nā ʻōlelo o ka hapa o ka mana o ka mana, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike ʻoiai ua ulu wikiwiki ka ʻoihana hydropower i nā makahiki he 20 i hala iho nei, a ʻo ka hoʻomohala hydropower ma 2020 he ʻelima mau manawa i ka makahiki 2001, ʻaʻole i loli ka hapa o ka huina o ka mana. nui loa.
I ke kaʻina hana o ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka mana wela, ʻaʻole i hana nui ka hydropower.ʻOiai e ulu wikiwiki ana, hiki iā ia ke mālama i kona ʻāpana i ka nui o ka mana o ka mana ma lalo o ke kumu o ka piʻi nui ʻana o ka hana mana aupuni.ʻO ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka mana wela ma muli o nā kumu ikehu maʻemaʻe ʻē aʻe, e like me ka mana makani, photovoltaic, kūlohelohe kino, ikehu nuklea, etc.
ʻOi aku ka nui o nā kumu waiwai hydropower
ʻO ka huina hydropower o nā panalāʻau ʻo Sichuan a me Yunnan ma kahi kokoke i ka hapalua o ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka hydropower o ka ʻāina, a ʻo ka hopena o ka pilikia, ʻaʻole hiki i nā wahi waiwai i nā kumuwaiwai wai ke komo i ka hoʻoulu wai wai kūloko, e hopena i ka pau ʻana o ka ikehu.ʻO ʻelua hapakolu o ka wai ʻino a me ka uila ma nā kīʻaha kahawai nui ma Kina e hele mai ana mai ka ʻāina ʻo Sichuan, a hiki i 20.2 biliona kwh, a ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hapalua o ka uila ʻōpala ma ka ʻāina ʻo Sichuan mai ke kahawai nui o Dadu River.
I ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ua ulu wikiwiki ka hydropower o Kina i nā makahiki he 10 i hala.Ua aneane ʻo Kina i ka ulu ʻana o ka hydropower honua.Ma kahi kokoke i 80% o ka ulu ʻana o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai wai honua mai Kina, a ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wai wai o Kina i ʻoi aku ma mua o 30% o ka hoʻohana wai wai honua.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hydropower nui ma Kina ma mua o ka awelika o ka honua, ma lalo o 8% i ka makahiki 2019. ʻOiai inā ʻaʻole i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me nā ʻāina hoʻomohala e like me Kanada a me Norewai, ʻo ka hapa o ka hydropower. ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻohana ʻana ma mua o Brazil, kahi ʻāina ulu.Loaʻa iā Kina he 680 miliona kilowatts o nā kumuwaiwai hydropower, ke kūlana mua ma ka honua.I ka makahiki 2020, ʻo 370 miliona kilowatts ka mana o ka hydropower.Mai kēia hiʻohiʻona, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ʻoihana hydropower o Kina no ka hoʻomohala ʻana.
04 i ka wā e hiki mai ana ka ulu ʻana o ka hydropower ma Kina
E hoʻonui ka Hydropower i kona ulu ʻana i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana a e hoʻomau i ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka nui o ka nui o ka mana.
Ma ka lima hoʻokahi, i ka manawa o ka 14th Five Year Plan, ʻoi aku ma mua o 50 miliona kilowatts o ka hydropower hiki ke hoʻokomo i ka hana ma Kina, me Wudongde a me Baihetan Hydropower Stations o ka hui ʻekolu Gorges a me ka waena waena o ke kahua wai wai o Yalong River.Eia kekahi, ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka papahana hoʻomohala hydropower ma ka ʻaoʻao haʻahaʻa o ka muliwai ʻo Yarlung Zangbo i ka hoʻolālā 14th ʻelima mau makahiki, me 70 miliona kilowatts o nā kumuwaiwai hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia, ʻo ia ka mea e like me ʻekolu mau kahawai wai wai ʻekolu Gorges, ʻo ia ka hydropower. e hoʻomaka hou i ka ulu nui;
Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻike ʻia ka hōʻemi ʻana o ka mana wela.Inā mai ka hiʻohiʻona o ka mālama ʻana i ke kaiapuni, ka palekana o ka ikehu a me ka hoʻomohala ʻenehana, e hoʻomau ka mana wela e hōʻemi i kona koʻikoʻi ma ke kahua mana.
I nā makahiki e hiki mai ana, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka wikiwiki hoʻomohala o ka hydropower me ka ikaika hou.ʻOiai i ka māhele o ka nui o ka mana, hiki ke helu ʻia e ka poʻe hope loa o ka ikehu hou.Inā lōʻihi ka manawa, hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia e hoʻopau ʻia e ka ikehu hou.
Ua wānana ʻo Liu Shiyu, ka luna hoʻolālā o ka General Electric Power Planning Institute, i ka wā o ka 14th Five Year Plan, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikehu hou ma Kina ma mua o 800 miliona KW, ʻo ia ka 29%;ʻO ka mana o ka mana makahiki a hiki i ka 1.5 trillion kwh, ma mua o ka hydropower.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Jan-14-2022
