Cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw ua rau inroads hauv kev tsim cov khoom siv rau kev lag luam hydroelectric zog.Kev tshawb nrhiav rau cov khoom siv dag zog thiab lwm yam kev qhia qhia ntau yam ntxiv, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau me me thiab micro units.
Kab lus no tau raug tshuaj xyuas thiab kho raws li kev tshuaj xyuas los ntawm ob lossis ntau tus kws tshaj lij uas muaj cov kws tshaj lij.Cov neeg txheeb xyuas cov neeg sib tw no txiav txim siab cov ntawv sau rau qhov tseeb, muaj txiaj ntsig zoo, thiab tag nrho qhov tseem ceeb hauv kev lag luam hydroelectric.
Qhov nce ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tshiab muab lub sijhawm zoo siab rau kev lag luam hydroelectric.Ntoo - siv nyob rau hauv thawj waterwheels thiab penstocks - tau supplanted nyob rau hauv ib feem los ntawm steel Cheebtsam nyob rau hauv thaum ntxov 1800s.Steel khaws nws lub zog los ntawm kev qaug zog loading thiab tiv thaiv cavitation yaig thiab corrosion.Nws cov khoom muaj kev nkag siab zoo thiab cov txheej txheem rau kev tsim khoom siv tau zoo tsim.Rau cov chav loj loj, cov hlau yuav zoo li cov khoom xaiv.
Txawm li cas los xij, muab qhov nce me me (qis dua 10 MW) rau micro-loj (qis dua 100 kW) turbines, cov khoom sib xyaw tuaj yeem siv los txuag qhov hnyav thiab txo cov nqi tsim khoom thiab kev cuam tshuam ib puag ncig.Qhov no yog qhov tshwj xeeb tshaj yog vim qhov kev xav tau txuas ntxiv rau kev loj hlob hauv cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.Lub ntiaj teb kev tsim hluav taws xob muaj peev xwm, ze li ntawm 800,000 MW raws li kev tshawb fawb xyoo 2009 los ntawm Norwegian Renewable Energy Partners, tsuas yog 10% ntawm kev lag luam muaj peev xwm thiab 6% ntawm kev siv hluav taws xob ua tau zoo.Lub peev xwm los nqa ntau dua ntawm technically feasible hydro rau hauv thaj av ntawm kev lag luam muaj peev xwm nce nrog lub peev xwm ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw kom muab kev lag luam ntawm nplai.
Composite khoom tsim
Txhawm rau tsim cov penstock kev lag luam thiab nrog lub zog zoo sib xws, txoj kev zoo tshaj plaws yog filament winding.Ib lub mandrel loj yog qhwv nrog cov hlua ntawm fiber ntau uas tau khiav los ntawm lub dab da dej.Cov hlua khi yog qhwv hauv cov hoop thiab helical qauv los tsim lub zog rau sab hauv siab, longitudinal dabtsi yog khoov thiab tuav.Cov txiaj ntsig hauv qab no qhia txog tus nqi thiab qhov hnyav ntawm ib ko taw rau ob qhov ntau thiab tsawg penstock, raws li cov lus hais los ntawm cov neeg muag khoom hauv zos.Cov lus hais qhia tau hais tias tus qauv tsim thickness tau tsav los ntawm kev teeb tsa thiab tuav cov kev cai, es tsis yog qhov qis qis, thiab rau ob qho tib si nws yog 2.28 cm.
Ob txoj kev tsim khoom raug txiav txim siab rau lub rooj vag wicket thiab nyob twj ywm vanes;ntub layup thiab nqus infusion.Cov layup ntub dej siv cov ntaub qhuav, uas yog impregnated los ntawm pouring resin tshaj cov ntaub thiab siv cov chais los thawb cov resin rau hauv ntaub.Cov txheej txheem no tsis huv li lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum thiab tsis tas yuav tsim cov qauv zoo tshaj plaws nyob rau hauv cov nqe lus ntawm fiber-rau-resin piv, tab sis nws yuav siv sij hawm tsawg dua li lub tshuab nqus tsev infusion.Lub tshuab nqus tsev vacuum nteg cov fiber ntau qhuav hauv qhov kev taw qhia kom raug, thiab cov pawg qhuav yog tom qab ntawd lub tshuab nqus tsev ntim khoom thiab cov khoom siv ntxiv txuas ntxiv uas ua rau cov khoom siv cob, uas yog kos rau hauv qhov chaw thaum lub tshuab nqus tsev.Lub tshuab nqus tsev pab tswj tus nqi ntawm cov resin ntawm qhov pom kev zoo thiab txo qhov tso tawm ntawm cov organics tsis zoo.
Cov ntaub ntawv scroll yuav siv ib txhais tes layup nyob rau hauv ob qho tib si cais ntawm ib tug txiv neej pwm los xyuas kom meej ib tug du nto.Cov ob halves no yuav raug sib koom ua ke nrog fiber ntau ntxiv rau sab nraud ntawm qhov sib txuas kom ntseeg tau tias muaj zog txaus.Lub siab load nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv scroll tsis xav tau ib tug high-strength advanced composite, yog li ib tug ntub layup ntawm fiberglass ntaub nrog ib tug epoxy resin yuav txaus.Lub thickness ntawm cov ntaub ntawv scroll yog nyob ntawm tib tus qauv tsim raws li lub penstock.Chav tsev 250-kW yog lub tshuab axial ntws, yog li tsis muaj rooj plaub.
Ib tug turbine khiav ua ke ib tug complex geometry nrog siab load yuav tsum.Kev ua haujlwm tsis ntev los no tau ua pov thawj tias cov khoom siv muaj zog muaj zog tuaj yeem tsim los ntawm cov chopped prepreg SMC nrog lub zog zoo thiab qhov tawv nqaij.5 Lub caj npab ncua kev kawm ntawm Lamborghini Gallardo tau tsim los siv ntau txheej ntawm chopped prepreg SMC lub npe hu ua forged composite, compression molded los tsim cov thickness xav tau.Tib txoj kev tuaj yeem siv rau Francis thiab kiv cua khiav.Tus neeg khiav dej num Francis tsis tuaj yeem ua ib chav tsev, vim tias qhov nyuaj ntawm cov hniav sib tshooj yuav tiv thaiv ib feem ntawm kev rho tawm ntawm cov pwm.Yog li, cov hniav sib tw, cov yas thiab cov hlua khi yog tsim los sib cais thiab tom qab ntawd sib koom ua ke thiab ntxiv dag zog nrog bolts los ntawm sab nraud ntawm cov yas thiab cov hlua.
Thaum lub raj cua ntsawj ntshab yog yooj yim tshaj plaws tsim siv filament winding, cov txheej txheem no tsis tau ua lag luam siv cov fibers ntuj.Yog li, tes layup raug xaiv, vim qhov no yog tus qauv ntawm kev tsim khoom, txawm tias tus nqi zog ntau dua.Siv tus txiv neej pwm zoo ib yam li mandrel, layup tuaj yeem ua tiav nrog cov pwm kab rov tav thiab tom qab ntawd tig ntsug los kho, tiv thaiv sagging ntawm ib sab.Qhov hnyav ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw yuav txawv me ntsis nyob ntawm tus nqi ntawm cov resin hauv qhov tiav.Cov lej no yog nyob ntawm 50% fiber ntau qhov hnyav.
Tag nrho qhov hnyav rau cov hlau thiab cov khoom sib xyaw 2-MW turbine yog 9,888 kg thiab 7,016 kg, feem.Lub 250-kW steel thiab cov turbines sib xyaw yog 3,734 kg thiab 1,927 kg, feem.Tag nrho cov xav tias 20 wicket rooj vag rau txhua lub turbine thiab ib tug penstock ntev sib npaug rau lub taub hau ntawm lub turbine.Nws yog qhov zoo li tias penstock yuav ntev dua thiab yuav tsum tau fittings, tab sis tus lej no muab kev kwv yees ntawm qhov hnyav ntawm chav tsev thiab cov khoom siv sib txuas.Lub tshuab hluav taws xob, bolts thiab rooj vag actuating hardware tsis suav nrog thiab suav tias yog qhov zoo sib xws ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw thiab cov hlau.Nws kuj tseem tsim nyog sau cia tias tus khiav rov tsim kho yuav tsum tau suav nrog qhov kev ntxhov siab pom hauv FEA yuav ntxiv qhov hnyav rau cov khoom sib xyaw, tab sis tus nqi yuav tsum yog tsawg, ntawm qhov kev txiav txim ntawm 5 kg los txhawb cov ntsiab lus nrog kev ntxhov siab.
Nrog rau qhov hnyav tau muab, 2-MW sib xyaw turbine thiab nws cov penstock tuaj yeem nqa los ntawm V-22 Osprey ceev, thaum lub tshuab hlau yuav xav tau qeeb dua, tsis tshua muaj zog Chinook twin rotor nyoob hoom qav taub.Tsis tas li ntawd, 2-MW sib xyaw turbine thiab penstock tuaj yeem rub los ntawm F-250 4 × 4, qhov chaw steel yuav xav tau lub tsheb loj dua uas yuav nyuaj rau kev taug kev ntawm hav zoov txoj kev yog tias qhov kev teeb tsa nyob deb.
Cov lus xaus
Nws muaj peev xwm tsim turbines los ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw, thiab qhov hnyav ntawm 50% mus rau 70% tau pom piv rau cov khoom siv hlau.Qhov hnyav txo tuaj yeem tso cai rau cov turbines sib xyaw rau hauv cov chaw nyob deb.Tsis tas li ntawd, kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov qauv sib xyaw no tsis xav tau cov khoom siv vuam.Cov khoom tseem xav tau tsawg dua qhov yuav tsum tau bolted ua ke, vim txhua daim tuaj yeem ua rau hauv ib lossis ob ntu.Ntawm qhov kev tsim khoom me me ua qauv hauv txoj kev tshawb no, tus nqi ntawm cov pwm thiab lwm yam cuab yeej ua tus nqi ntawm cov khoom siv.
Cov kev khiav me me tau qhia ntawm no qhia tias nws yuav raug nqi dab tsi los pib tshawb fawb ntxiv rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no.Qhov kev tshawb fawb no tuaj yeem hais txog cavitation yaig thiab tiv thaiv UV ntawm cov khoom tom qab kev teeb tsa.Tej zaum nws yuav siv tau elastomer los yog ceramic coatings los txo cavitation los yog xyuas kom meej tias cov turbine khiav hauv cov dej ntws thiab lub taub hau tswj kev tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj cavitation.Nws yuav yog ib qho tseem ceeb rau kev sim thiab daws cov teeb meem no thiab lwm cov teeb meem kom ntseeg tau tias cov units tuaj yeem ua tiav qhov kev ntseeg tau zoo sib xws rau steel turbines, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog tias lawv yuav tsum tau nruab rau hauv thaj chaw uas tsis tshua muaj kev saib xyuas.
Txawm nyob rau ntawm cov kev khiav me me no, qee cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke tuaj yeem raug nqi zoo vim tias kev ua haujlwm poob qis yuav tsum tau ua.Piv txwv li, ib rooj plaub rau 2-MW Francis chav tsev yuav raug nqi $ 80,000 rau welded los ntawm hlau piv rau $ 25,000 rau kev tsim khoom.Txawm li cas los xij, piv txwv li kev tsim ua tiav ntawm cov turbine runners, tus nqi rau molding cov neeg ua haujlwm sib xyaw yog ntau dua li cov khoom sib npaug.Tus 2-MW khiav yuav raug nqi txog $ 23,000 los tsim los ntawm cov hlau, piv rau $ 27,000 los ntawm kev sib xyaw.Cov nqi yuav txawv ntawm lub tshuab.Thiab tus nqi rau cov khoom sib xyaw yuav poob qis dua ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntau dua yog tias cov pwm tuaj yeem rov siv dua.
Cov kws tshawb fawb twb tau tshawb fawb txog kev tsim cov turbine runners los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib xyaw.8 Txawm li cas los xij, qhov kev tshawb fawb no tsis tau hais txog qhov cavitation yaig thiab qhov ua tau ntawm kev tsim kho.Cov kauj ruam tom ntej rau kev sib xyaw turbines yog tsim thiab tsim cov qauv ntsuas uas yuav tso cai pov thawj ntawm kev ua tau zoo thiab kev lag luam ntawm kev tsim khoom.Chav tsev no tuaj yeem raug sim los txiav txim siab ua haujlwm thiab siv tau, nrog rau txoj hauv kev los tiv thaiv kev yaig ntau dhau.
Post lub sij hawm: Feb-15-2022
