Lub ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob hydroelectric

Hydropower yog los hloov cov dej zog ntawm cov dej ntws ntuj los ua hluav taws xob rau tib neeg siv.Muaj ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob siv hauv kev tsim hluav taws xob, xws li lub hnub ci zog, lub zog dej hauv cov dej ntws, thiab lub zog cua uas tsim los ntawm huab cua ntws.Tus nqi ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob siv hluav taws xob yog pheej yig, thiab kev tsim kho cov chaw nres tsheb hauv dej kuj tuaj yeem ua ke nrog lwm cov dej txuag dej.Peb lub teb chaws yog nplua nuj nyob rau hauv hydropower kev pab cuam thiab tej yam kev mob kuj zoo heev.Hydropower plays lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev tsim kho kev lag luam hauv tebchaws.
Qhov dej ntws ntws ntawm tus dej ntws siab tshaj nws cov dej hauv qab.Vim qhov sib txawv ntawm cov dej theem ntawm tus dej, dej zog yog generated.Lub zog no hu ua lub zog muaj peev xwm lossis lub zog muaj peev xwm.Qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov siab ntawm cov dej ntws yog hu ua qhov poob, kuj hu ua qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov dej los yog lub taub hau dej.Qhov kev poob no yog ib qho kev mob yooj yim rau kev tsim lub zog hydraulic.Tsis tas li ntawd, qhov loj ntawm lub zog hydraulic kuj nyob ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov dej ntws hauv tus dej, uas yog lwm yam kev mob tseem ceeb raws li qhov poob.Ob qho kev poob thiab qhov ntws ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau lub zog hydraulic;qhov loj ntawm cov dej ntim ntawm qhov poob, qhov ntau dua lub zog hydraulic;yog tias qhov poob thiab cov dej ntim me me, cov zis ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb hydropower yuav me dua.
Qhov poob yog feem ntau qhia hauv meters.Gradient yog qhov piv ntawm qhov poob thiab qhov deb, uas tuaj yeem qhia qhov kev poob siab.Kev poob siab yog ntau dua, thiab kev siv lub zog hydraulic yog yooj yim dua.Qhov poob siv los ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb hydropower yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov dej ntws ntws ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb hydropower thiab cov dej hauv qab dej tom qab dhau los ntawm lub turbine.

Flow yog tus nqi ntawm cov dej ntws hauv tus dej hauv ib chav tsev ntawm lub sijhawm, thiab nws tau qhia hauv cubic meters hauv ib thib ob.Ib cubic meter dej yog ib ton.Qhov dej ntws ntawm tus dej hloov txhua lub sijhawm, yog li thaum peb tham txog qhov ntws, peb yuav tsum piav qhia lub sijhawm ntawm qhov chaw tshwj xeeb uas nws ntws.Cov dej hloov pauv loj heev hauv lub sijhawm.Cov dej ntws hauv peb lub teb chaws feem ntau muaj dej ntws loj hauv lub caij los nag nyob rau lub caij ntuj sov thiab lub caij nplooj zeeg, thiab me me nyob rau lub caij ntuj no thiab caij nplooj ntoos hlav.Feem ntau, qhov ntws ntawm tus dej yog me me nyob rau sab saud;vim cov tributaries sib koom ua ke, cov downstream ntws maj mam nce.Yog li ntawd, txawm hais tias cov dej ntws ntws tawm yog concentrated, qhov ntws me me;lub downstream ntws yog loj, tab sis qhov poob yog kuj tawg.Yog li ntawd, nws yog qhov pheej yig tshaj plaws los siv lub zog hydraulic hauv nruab nrab ntawm tus dej.
Paub txog qhov poob thiab ntws siv los ntawm chaw nres tsheb hydropower, nws cov zis tuaj yeem suav nrog siv cov qauv hauv qab no:
N = GQH
Hauv cov qauv, N-tso zis, hauv kilowatts, tuaj yeem hu ua lub zog;
Q-Flow, hauv cubic meters ib ob;
H - poob, hauv meters;
G = 9.8, yog qhov acceleration ntawm lub ntiajteb txawj nqus, unit: Newton/kg
Raws li cov qauv saum toj no, lub zog theoretical suav nrog yam tsis tau txiav tawm qhov kev poob.Nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb, nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm hydropower tsim, turbines, kis tau tus mob khoom, generators, thiab lwm yam. txhua yam muaj inevitable zog poob.Yog li, lub zog theoretical yuav tsum tau txo qis, uas yog, lub zog tiag tiag peb tuaj yeem siv tau yuav tsum muab sib npaug los ntawm kev ua haujlwm coefficient (cim: K).
Lub zog tsim ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob hauv qhov chaw nres tsheb hydropower yog hu ua lub zog ntsuas, thiab lub zog tiag tiag hu ua lub zog tiag tiag.Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm lub zog transformation, nws yog inevitable poob ib feem ntawm lub zog.Nyob rau hauv tus txheej txheem ntawm hydropower tsim, muaj feem ntau poob ntawm turbines thiab generators (tseem muaj poob nyob rau hauv pipelines).Qhov kev poob ntau yam nyob rau hauv qhov chaw nres tsheb micro-hydropower nyob deb nroog suav txog li 40-50% ntawm tag nrho cov theoretical zog, yog li cov zis ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb hydropower tsuas yog siv 50-60% ntawm lub zog theoretical, uas yog, qhov ua tau zoo yog hais txog. 0.5-0.60 (ntawm cov turbine efficiency yog 0.70-0.85, efficiency ntawm generators yog 0.85 rau 0.90, thiab efficiency ntawm pipelines thiab kis tau tus mob yog 0.80 rau 0.85).Yog li ntawd, lub zog tiag tiag (tso zis) ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb hydropower tuaj yeem xam raws li hauv qab no:
K-qhov ua tau zoo ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb hydropower, (0.5 ~ 0.6) yog siv rau hauv kev suav ntxhib ntawm chaw nres tsheb micro-hydropower;tus nqi no tuaj yeem yooj yim raws li:
N = (0.5～0.6)QHG Lub zog tiag tiag = ua haujlwm × ntws × poob × 9.8
Kev siv lub tshuab hluav taws xob yog siv lub zog dej los txhawb lub tshuab, uas yog hu ua dej turbine.Piv txwv li, lub pas dej thaum ub nyob rau hauv peb lub teb chaws yog ib qho yooj yim dej turbine.Ntau yam hydraulic turbines siv tam sim no tau yoog rau ntau yam tshwj xeeb hydraulic, kom lawv tuaj yeem tig tau zoo dua thiab hloov dej zog rau hauv lub zog siv tshuab.Lwm hom tshuab, lub tshuab hluav taws xob, txuas nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob, kom lub rotor ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob tig nrog lub turbine los tsim hluav taws xob.Lub tshuab hluav taws xob tuaj yeem muab faib ua ob ntu: ntu uas tig nrog lub tshuab hluav taws xob thiab qhov ruaj khov ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob.Ib feem uas txuas nrog lub turbine thiab rotates yog hu ua rotor ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob, thiab muaj ntau cov hlau nplaum nyob ib ncig ntawm lub rotor;lub voj voog nyob ib ncig ntawm lub rotor yog qhov ruaj khov ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob, hu ua stator ntawm lub tshuab hluav taws xob, thiab lub stator yog qhwv nrog ntau tooj liab coils.Thaum muaj ntau cov hlau nplaum ntawm lub rotor tig nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov tooj liab coils ntawm stator, ib tug tam sim no yog generated ntawm tooj liab nyob ntawm tej, thiab lub generator converts txhua yam zog rau hauv hluav taws xob lub zog.
Lub zog hluav taws xob tsim los ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb fais fab yog hloov mus rau hauv lub zog siv hluav taws xob (lub cev muaj zog lossis lub cev muaj zog), lub zog hluav taws xob (hluav taws xob teeb), thermal zog (lub qhov cub hluav taws xob) thiab lwm yam los ntawm ntau yam khoom siv hluav taws xob.
nws muaj pes tsawg leeg ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb hydropower
Qhov sib xyaw ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb dej muaj xws li: cov qauv hydraulic, cov cuab yeej siv tshuab, thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob.
(1) Hydraulic qauv
Nws muaj weirs (dams), qhov rooj nkag, channels (los yog tunnels), siab fore tanks (los yog regulating tank), siab kav, powerhouses thiab tailraces, thiab lwm yam.
Ib tug weir (dam) yog tsim nyob rau hauv tus dej los thaiv cov dej ntws thiab tsa cov dej saum npoo los tsim ib tug reservoir.Nyob rau hauv no txoj kev, ib tug concentrated poob yog tsim nyob rau hauv nruab nrab ntawm cov dej nto ntawm lub reservoir ntawm lub weir (dam) thiab cov dej saum npoo ntawm tus dej hauv qab lub pas dej ua ke, thiab ces cov dej yog nkag mus rau hauv lub hydroelectric power station los ntawm kev siv cov kav dej. los yog tunnels.Nyob rau hauv cov dej ntws uas ntxhab, kev siv cov kev hloov pauv tuaj yeem ua rau poob.Piv txwv li: Feem ntau, qhov poob ib kilometer ntawm tus dej ntuj yog 10 meters.Yog hais tias ib tug channel qhib nyob rau hauv lub Upper kawg ntawm seem ntawm tus dej no los qhia dej ntws, channel yuav excavated raws tus dej, thiab txoj kab nqes ntawm txoj kab yuav flatter.Yog hais tias qhov poob hauv lub channel yog ua rau ib kilometer nws tsuas yog poob 1 meter, kom cov dej ntws 5 kilometers nyob rau hauv lub channel, thiab cov dej ntog tsuas yog 5 meters, thaum dej poob 50 meters tom qab taug kev 5 kilometers nyob rau hauv lub natural channel. .Lub sijhawm no, cov dej los ntawm cov channel tau coj rov qab mus rau lub chaw tsim hluav taws xob los ntawm tus dej nrog cov kav dej lossis lub qhov dej, thiab muaj qhov xav tau ntawm 45 meters uas tuaj yeem siv los tsim hluav taws xob.Daim duab 2

Kev siv cov kab sib txawv, qhov av lossis cov kav dej (xws li cov kav dej yas, cov kav dej steel, cov kav dej ua vaj tse, thiab lwm yam) los tsim cov chaw nres tsheb hauv dej nrog cov kev poob qis yog hu ua kev hloov pauv channel hydropower chaw nres tsheb, uas yog ib qho kev teeb tsa ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb hydropower. .
(2) Cov cuab yeej siv tshuab thiab hluav taws xob
Ntxiv nrog rau cov lus hais saum toj no hais txog kev ua haujlwm hydraulic (weirs, channels, forecourts, pressure pipes, workshops), lub chaw nres tsheb hydropower kuj xav tau cov khoom siv hauv qab no:
(1) Cov cuab yeej siv tshuab
Muaj cov turbines, cov thawj tswj hwm, lub rooj vag li qub, cov khoom siv kis tau tus mob thiab cov khoom siv tsis tsim.
(2) Cov khoom siv hluav taws xob
Muaj cov tshuab hluav taws xob, faib tswj vaj huam sib luag, hloov pauv thiab cov kab sib kis.
Tab sis tsis yog txhua qhov chaw nres tsheb me me muaj cov qauv hydraulic uas tau hais los saum toj no thiab cov cuab yeej siv tshuab thiab hluav taws xob.Yog hais tias lub taub hau dej tsawg dua 6 meters hauv qhov chaw nres tsheb qis qis, cov dej qhia channel thiab qhib channel dej channel feem ntau yog siv, thiab tsis muaj lub zog forepool thiab cov kav dej siab.Rau cov chaw nres tsheb fais fab nrog cov khoom siv hluav taws xob me me thiab kev sib kis luv luv, kev xa hluav taws xob ncaj qha tau txais yuav thiab tsis tas yuav hloov pauv.Hydropower chaw nres tsheb nrog reservoirs tsis tas yuav tsim dams.Kev siv cov dej sib sib zog nqus, cov kav dej hauv cov kav dej (lossis qhov tunnels) thiab cov spillways tshem tawm qhov xav tau ntawm cov qauv hydraulic xws li weirs, qhov rooj nkag, channel thiab siab fore-pools.
Yuav kom tsim tau ib lub chaw nres tsheb hydropower, ua ntej ntawm tag nrho cov, yuav tsum tau ua tib zoo soj ntsuam thiab tsim ua hauj lwm.Hauv kev tsim ua haujlwm, muaj peb theem tsim: kev tsim ua ntej, kev tsim qauv thiab kev nthuav dav ntawm kev tsim kho.Yuav kom ua tiav txoj haujlwm zoo hauv kev tsim qauv, nws yog ib qho tsim nyog yuav tsum ua kom tiav cov haujlwm tshawb fawb, uas yog, kom nkag siab tag nrho cov xwm txheej hauv zos thiab kev lag luam - xws li topography, geology, hydrology, peev thiab lwm yam.Qhov tseeb thiab kev ntseeg siab ntawm tus qauv tsim tuaj yeem lav tsuas yog tom qab paub txog cov xwm txheej no thiab tshuaj xyuas lawv.
Cov khoom ntawm cov chaw nres tsheb me me muaj ntau hom nyob ntawm seb hom chaw nres tsheb hydropower.
3. Daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas Topographic
Qhov ua tau zoo ntawm cov kev tshawb fawb saum toj kawg nkaus muaj qhov cuam tshuam zoo rau kev tsim qauv engineering thiab kev kwv yees ntawm engineering kom muaj nuj nqis.
Kev tshawb nrhiav geological (kev nkag siab ntawm geological tej yam kev mob) ntxiv rau kev nkag siab dav dav thiab kev tshawb fawb txog geology ntawm cov dej ntws thiab raws tus dej, nws tseem yuav tsum nkag siab tias lub hauv paus ntawm lub tshuab chav tsev yog qhov ruaj khov, uas cuam tshuam ncaj qha rau kev nyab xeeb ntawm lub zog. chaw nres tsheb nws tus kheej.Thaum lub barrage nrog ib tug tej yam reservoir ntim raug puas tsuaj, nws yuav tsis tsuas puas lub chaw nres tsheb hydropower nws tus kheej, tab sis kuj ua rau cov loj loj poob ntawm lub neej thiab cov khoom downstream.
4. Hydrological xeem
Rau cov chaw nres tsheb hydropower, cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv dej yog cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov dej ntws hauv dej, ntws, cov ntsiab lus sediment, cov dej khov, cov ntaub ntawv huab cua thiab cov ntaub ntawv soj ntsuam dej nyab.Qhov loj ntawm cov dej ntws cuam tshuam rau kev teeb tsa ntawm qhov dej ntws ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb hydropower.Kev kwv yees qhov hnyav ntawm dej nyab yuav ua rau kev puas tsuaj ntawm lub pas dej;cov sediment nqa los ntawm tus dej tuaj yeem sau lub reservoir sai tshaj plaws.Piv txwv li, lub inflow channel yuav ua rau cov channel ua si, thiab cov coarse-grained sediment yuav dhau los ntawm lub turbine thiab ua rau hnav ntawm lub turbine.Yog li ntawd, kev tsim kho cov chaw nres tsheb hydropower yuav tsum muaj cov ntaub ntawv dej txaus txaus.
Yog li ntawd, ua ntej txiav txim siab los tsim lub chaw nres tsheb hydropower, peb yuav tsum xub tshawb xyuas cov kev taw qhia ntawm kev txhim kho kev lag luam hauv cheeb tsam fais fab thiab kev xav tau ntawm hluav taws xob yav tom ntej.Nyob rau tib lub sijhawm, kwv yees qhov xwm txheej ntawm lwm qhov chaw siv hluav taws xob hauv cheeb tsam kev loj hlob.Tsuas yog tom qab kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm qhov xwm txheej saum toj no peb tuaj yeem txiav txim siab seb qhov chaw nres tsheb hydropower yuav tsum tau tsim thiab yuav tsum loj npaum li cas.
Nyob rau hauv dav dav, lub hom phiaj ntawm kev tshawb fawb hydropower yog muab cov ntaub ntawv raug thiab txhim khu kev qha tsim nyog rau kev tsim thiab tsim cov chaw nres tsheb hydropower.
5. Cov xwm txheej dav dav rau qhov chaw xaiv
Cov xwm txheej dav dav rau kev xaiv ib lub xaib tuaj yeem piav qhia los ntawm plaub yam hauv qab no:
(1) Qhov chaw xaiv yuav tsum muaj peev xwm siv cov dej siv hluav taws xob zoo tshaj plaws thiab ua raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev txuag nqi, uas yog, tom qab lub tshuab hluav taws xob ua tiav, qhov nyiaj tsawg tshaj plaws yog siv thiab tsim hluav taws xob ntau. .Feem ntau nws tuaj yeem ntsuas tau los ntawm kev kwv yees cov nyiaj tau los ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob txhua xyoo thiab kev nqis peev hauv kev tsim kho ntawm qhov chaw nres tsheb kom pom tias lub sij hawm npaum li cas cov peev nyiaj tau rov qab los.Txawm li cas los xij, hydrological thiab topographical tej yam kev mob sib txawv nyob rau hauv ntau qhov chaw, thiab cov kev xav tau ntawm hluav taws xob kuj txawv, yog li ntawd tus nqi ntawm kev tsim kho thiab peev yuav tsum tsis txhob raug txwv los ntawm tej yam tseem ceeb.
(2) Qhov saum toj kawg nkaus, geological thiab hydrological tej yam kev mob ntawm qhov chaw xaiv yuav tsum zoo dua, thiab yuav tsum muaj peev xwm tsim thiab tsim kho.Hauv kev tsim kho cov chaw nres tsheb me me, kev siv cov khoom siv hauv tsev yuav tsum ua raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm "cov ntaub ntawv hauv zos" kom ntau li ntau tau.
(3) Qhov chaw xaiv yuav tsum nyob ze rau qhov chaw siv hluav taws xob thiab chaw ua haujlwm kom ntau li ntau tau kom txo tau cov peev txheej ntawm cov khoom siv hluav taws xob sib txuas thiab kev poob ntawm lub zog.
(4) Thaum xaiv qhov chaw, cov qauv hydraulic uas twb muaj lawm yuav tsum tau siv ntau li ntau tau.Piv txwv li, cov dej poob tuaj yeem siv los tsim lub chaw nres tsheb hauv dej hauv cov dej hauv dej, lossis chaw nres tsheb hauv dej tuaj yeem tsim ua ib sab ntawm lub kwj deg reservoir los tsim hluav taws xob los ntawm cov dej ntws, thiab lwm yam.Vim tias cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob no tuaj yeem ua tau raws li lub hauv paus ntsiab lus ntawm kev tsim hluav taws xob thaum muaj dej, lawv qhov kev lag luam tseem ceeb yog qhov pom tseeb dua.