Patha zaka 111 kuchokera pamene China idayamba kumanga siteshoni ya shilongba hydropower, siteshoni yoyamba yopangira mphamvu yamadzi mu 1910. M'zaka zoposa 100, makampani amadzi ndi magetsi ku China achita bwino kwambiri kuchokera ku shilongba hydropower station yomwe inakhazikitsidwa mphamvu ya 480kw mpaka 370 miliyoni. KW, yomwe ili yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi.Tili m'makampani a malasha, ndipo timva nkhani zina zokhuza mphamvu yamadzi, koma sitikudziwa zambiri zamakampani opanga magetsi amadzi.
Lero, tiyeni timvetsetse mwachidule mphamvu zamagetsi kuchokera ku mfundo ndi mikhalidwe ya mphamvu ya hydropower komanso momwe zinthu zilili pano komanso momwe kakulidwe ka mphamvu zamagetsi ku China.
01 mfundo yopanga mphamvu ya hydropower
M'malo mwake, mphamvu ya hydropower ndi njira yosinthira mphamvu yamadzi kukhala mphamvu yamakina, kenako kuchokera pamakina kukhala mphamvu yamagetsi.Nthawi zambiri, ndikugwiritsa ntchito madzi amtsinje oyenda kutembenuza injini kuti ipange mphamvu, ndipo mphamvu zomwe zili mumtsinje kapena gawo la beseni lake zimatengera kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kutsika kwake.
Kuchuluka kwa madzi a mtsinjewo kumayendetsedwa ndi palibe munthu walamulo, ndipo kutsika kuli bwino.Chifukwa chake, pomanga malo opangira magetsi amadzi, kumanga madamu ndi kuwongolera kungasankhidwe kuti ayang'ane kwambiri pakutsika, kuti apititse patsogolo kuchuluka kwa kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka madzi.
Kuwononga ndikumanga dziwe lomwe lili pafupi ndi dontho lalikulu, kukhazikitsa malo osungira madzi ndikukweza madzi, monga Three Gorges Hydropower Station;Kupatutsidwa kumatanthauza kupatutsidwa kwa madzi kuchokera ku dziwe lakumtunda kupita kunsi kwa mtsinje kudzera mu njira yopatutsira, monga malo opangira magetsi a Jinping II.
02 mawonekedwe a hydropower
Ubwino wa hydropower makamaka umaphatikizapo kuteteza chilengedwe ndi kusinthika, kuyendetsa bwino kwambiri komanso kusinthasintha, mtengo wotsika wokonza ndi zina zotero.
Kuteteza chilengedwe ndi zongowonjezwdwa ayenera kukhala mwayi waukulu wa hydropower.Mphamvu ya Hydropower imangogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu m'madzi, siiwononga madzi, komanso siyiyambitsa kuipitsa.
Jenereta ya jenereta yamadzi, zida zazikulu zopangira mphamvu ya hydropower, sizothandiza kokha, komanso zimasinthasintha kuti ziyambe ndikugwira ntchito.Itha kuyambitsa ntchitoyo mwachangu m'mphindi zochepa ndikumaliza kukulitsa ndikuchepetsa ntchito mumasekondi pang'ono.Mphamvu ya Hydropower ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pochita ntchito zometa kwambiri, kusinthasintha pafupipafupi, kuyimilira kwapang'onopang'ono ndi kuyimirira mwangozi kwamagetsi.
M'badwo wa Hydropower sadya mafuta, safuna kuchuluka kwa anthu ogwira ntchito komanso malo omwe amaperekedwa kumigodi ndi kunyamula mafuta, ali ndi zida zosavuta, ogwiritsa ntchito ochepa, mphamvu zocheperako, moyo wautali wautumiki wa zida ndi mtengo wotsika mtengo ndi kukonza, kotero mphamvu mtengo wopanga ma hydropower station ndiotsika, 1 / 5-1 / 8 yokha ya malo opangira magetsi otenthetsera, ndipo mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi opangira magetsi ndi yokwera, mpaka kupitilira 85%, Kutentha kwamafuta opangira magetsi oyaka. ndi pafupifupi 40%.
Kuipa kwa mphamvu yopangira magetsi pamadzi kumakhudzanso kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nyengo, mocheperapo ndi momwe malo alili, ndalama zambiri zisanachitike komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.
Mphamvu ya hydropower imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mvula.Kaya ndi m'nyengo yachilimwe komanso nyengo yamvula ndizofunikira kwambiri pakugula magetsi kwamagetsi amagetsi amagetsi.Kupanga mphamvu ya Hydropower kumakhala kokhazikika malinga ndi chaka ndi chigawo, koma zimatengera "tsiku" likafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mwezi, kotala ndi dera.Sizingapereke mphamvu yokhazikika komanso yodalirika ngati mphamvu yamafuta.
Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa Kumwera ndi kumpoto m'nyengo yamvula ndi nyengo yamvula.Komabe, malinga ndi ziwerengero za kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi mwezi uliwonse kuyambira 2013 mpaka 2021, nthawi yonseyi, nyengo yamvula ku China imakhala pafupifupi Juni mpaka Okutobala ndipo nyengo yamvula imakhala pafupifupi Disembala mpaka February.Kusiyana kwa kupanga mphamvu pakati pa ziwirizi kungathe kuwirikiza kawiri.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, tikhoza kuonanso kuti pansi pa kuwonjezereka kwa mphamvu zowonjezera, mphamvu zopangira magetsi kuyambira January mpaka March chaka chino ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa zaka zapitazo, ndipo mphamvu yamagetsi mu March ndi yofanana ndi 2015. Izi ndizokwanira kuti tiwone "kusakhazikika" kwa mphamvu yamagetsi.
Kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi mwezi uliwonse kuyambira 2013 mpaka 2021 (100 miliyoni kwh)
Zochepa ndi zolinga.Malo opangira magetsi opangira madzi sangamangidwe pomwe pali madzi.Geology, dontho, liwiro la kuyenda, kusamuka kwa anthu okhalamo komanso magawo oyang'anira zonse zimalepheretsa kumanga potengera magetsi amadzi.Mwachitsanzo, ntchito yosungira madzi ku Heishan Gorge yomwe inatchulidwa ku National People's Congress mu 1956 sinadutsidwe chifukwa cha kusamvana kwabwino pakati pa Gansu ndi Ningxia.Mpaka chaka chino, izo anaonekera kachiwiri mu maganizo a magawo awiri, Pamene yomanga angayambe akadali osadziwika.
Ndalama zomwe zimafunikira popanga mphamvu yamadzi ndizazikulu.Ntchito zomanga malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi pamadzi ndi zazikulu, ndipo ndalama zolipirira zomanganso zikuyenera kulipidwa;Komanso, ndalama zoyambirira sizimangowoneka mu likulu, komanso nthawi.Chifukwa chofuna kukhazikanso anthu komanso kugwirizanitsa m'madipatimenti osiyanasiyana, ntchito yomanga malo ambiri opangira magetsi a madzi ichedwa kwambiri kuposa momwe anakonzera.
Kutengera Baihetan Hydropower Station yomwe ikumangidwa monga chitsanzo, ntchitoyi idakhazikitsidwa mu 1958 ndipo idaphatikizidwa mu "ndondomeko yachitatu yazaka zisanu" mu 1965. Baihetan Hydropower Station sinamalizidwe.Kupatula kulinganiza koyambirira, ntchito yomanga kwenikweni idzatenga zaka zosachepera 10.
Malo osungiramo madzi akuluakulu amachititsa kuti madzi azitha kumtunda kwa damu, nthawi zina kuwononga malo otsika, zigwa za mitsinje, nkhalango ndi udzu.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zidzakhudzanso zamoyo zam'madzi zozungulira zomera.Zimakhudza kwambiri nsomba, mbalame zam'madzi ndi nyama zina.
03 zomwe zikuchitika pakukula kwa mphamvu ya hydropower ku China
M'zaka zaposachedwa, kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi pamadzi kwapitilira kukula, koma kukula kwazaka zisanu zapitazi ndikotsika
Mu 2020, mphamvu yopangira magetsi amadzi idzakhala 1355.21 biliyoni kwh, ndi chiwonjezeko chaka ndi chaka ndi 3.9%.Komabe, mu nthawi ya 13th Year Plan Plan, mphamvu yamphepo ndi Optoelectronics zidakula mwachangu mu nthawi ya 13th Year Plan Plan, kupitilira zolinga zokonzekera, pomwe mphamvu yamadzi idangomaliza pafupifupi theka la zolinga zokonzekera.Pazaka 20 zapitazi, gawo la mphamvu yamadzi mu mphamvu zonse zopangira magetsi lakhala lokhazikika, likusungidwa pa 14% -19%.
Kuchokera pakukula kwa magetsi aku China, zikuwoneka kuti kukula kwa mphamvu yamadzi kwatsika m'zaka zisanu zaposachedwa, kusungidwa pafupifupi 5%.
Ndikuganiza kuti zifukwa zochepetsera pang'onopang'ono ndizo, kumbali imodzi, kutsekedwa kwa magetsi ang'onoang'ono a hydropower, omwe amatchulidwa momveka bwino mu ndondomeko ya 13 ya zaka zisanu zotetezera ndi kukonza chilengedwe.Pali malo 4705 ang'onoang'ono opangira mphamvu yamadzi omwe akuyenera kukonzedwa ndikuchotsedwa m'chigawo cha Sichuan chokha;
Kumbali inayi, China ilibe mphamvu zazikulu zotukula mphamvu zamadzi.China yamanga malo ambiri opangira magetsi opangira madzi monga ma Gorges atatu, Gezhouba, Wudongde, Xiangjiaba ndi Baihetan.Zothandizira zomangiranso malo akuluakulu opangira magetsi opangira mphamvu yamadzi zitha kukhala "njira yayikulu" ya mtsinje wa Yarlung Zangbo.Komabe, chifukwa derali limakhudza kapangidwe ka geological, kuwongolera chilengedwe kwa malo osungira zachilengedwe komanso ubale ndi mayiko ozungulira, Zakhala zovuta kuthana nazo kale.
Nthawi yomweyo, zitha kuwonekanso kuchokera pakukula kwa mphamvu zopangira magetsi m'zaka zaposachedwa za 20 kuti kukula kwa mphamvu zotenthetsera kumayenderana ndi kukula kwa mphamvu zonse zopangira magetsi, pomwe kukula kwa mphamvu yamagetsi sikukhudzana ndi kukula kwa mphamvu zonse zopangira mphamvu, kusonyeza mkhalidwe wa "kukwera chaka chilichonse".Ngakhale pali zifukwa za kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zotentha, zimasonyezanso kusakhazikika kwa mphamvu ya hydropower pamlingo wina wake.
Kukula kwamagetsi
Pankhani ya kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zopangira magetsi, titha kuwonanso kuti ngakhale makampani opanga magetsi opangira magetsi adakula mwachangu m'zaka 20 zapitazi, ndipo kutulutsa mphamvu zamagetsi mu 2020 ndi kasanu kuti mu 2001, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi sikunasinthe. kwambiri.
Pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zotentha, mphamvu ya hydropower sinagwire ntchito yayikulu.Ngakhale kuti ikukula mofulumira, imatha kusunga gawo lake pakupanga mphamvu zonse pansi pa chiwonjezeko chachikulu cha kutulutsa mphamvu kwa dziko.Kuchepetsedwa kwa gawo la mphamvu zotentha makamaka chifukwa cha mphamvu zina zoyera, monga mphamvu ya mphepo, photovoltaic, gasi wachilengedwe, mphamvu za nyukiliya, ndi zina zotero.
Kuchulukirachulukira kwazinthu zamagetsi zamagetsi
Mphamvu zonse zopangira mphamvu yamadzi m'zigawo za Sichuan ndi Yunnan zimatenga pafupifupi theka la mphamvu zopangira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo vuto lomwe limakhalapo ndi loti madera omwe ali ndi mphamvu zopangira mphamvu yamadzi sangathe kuyamwa mphamvu zopangira magetsi m'deralo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu ziwonongeke.Awiri mwa magawo atatu a madzi oipa ndi magetsi m'mitsinje ikuluikulu ku China amachokera ku Sichuan Province, kufika pa 20.2 biliyoni kWh, ndipo oposa theka la magetsi otayira m'chigawo cha Sichuan amachokera kumtsinje waukulu wa Dadu River.
Padziko lonse lapansi, mphamvu yopangira madzi ku China yakula kwambiri m'zaka 10 zapitazi.China yatsala pang'ono kuchititsa kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi.Pafupifupi 80% ya kukula kwa mphamvu yamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi imachokera ku China, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamadzi ku China kumagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yopitilira 30% yamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi.
Komabe, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamadzi ku China ndizokwera pang'ono kuposa kuchuluka kwapadziko lonse lapansi, zosakwana 8% mu 2019. Ngakhale sizikuyerekeza ndi mayiko otukuka monga Canada ndi Norway, gawo lamagetsi opangira madzi. Anthu amamwa mowa kwambiri poyerekezera ndi a ku Brazil, dziko lotukuka kumene.China ili ndi ma kilowatts 680 miliyoni amagetsi amadzi, omwe ali oyamba padziko lonse lapansi.Pofika chaka cha 2020, mphamvu yoyika mphamvu yamadzi idzakhala ma kilowati 370 miliyoni.Kuchokera pano, makampani opanga magetsi aku China akadali ndi mwayi wotukuka.
04 tsogolo lachitukuko cha hydropower ku China
Mphamvu ya Hydropower idzakulitsa kukula kwake m'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi ndipo ipitilira kuwonjezeka mu gawo la mphamvu zonse zopangira magetsi.
Kumbali imodzi, mu nthawi ya 14th Year Plan Plan, ma kilowatts opitilira 50 miliyoni a mphamvu yamadzi atha kukhazikitsidwa ku China, kuphatikiza Wudongde ndi Baihetan Hydropower Stations a gulu la Three Gorges komanso malo apakati a Yalong River hydropower station.Kuphatikiza apo, pulojekiti yotukula mphamvu yamadzi kumunsi kwa mtsinje wa Yarlung Zangbo yaphatikizidwa mu pulani yazaka 14, yokhala ndi ma kilowati 70 miliyoni azinthu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito mwaukadaulo, zomwe ndi zofanana ndi malo opangira magetsi opitilira atatu a Three Gorges, Izi zikutanthauza kuti mphamvu yamadzi. adzabweretsanso chitukuko chachikulu;
Kumbali inayi, kuchepetsedwa kwa sikelo yamphamvu yamafuta ndikodziwikiratu.Kaya kuchokera pakuwona chitetezo cha chilengedwe, chitetezo cha mphamvu ndi chitukuko cha zamakono, mphamvu zotentha zidzapitiriza kuchepetsa kufunika kwake m'munda wamagetsi.
M'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi, liwiro la kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi silingafanane ndi mphamvu zatsopano.Ngakhale mu gawo la mphamvu zonse zopangira mphamvu, zitha kuwerengedwa ndi omwe achedwa ndi mphamvu zatsopano.Ngati nthawiyo italika, tinganene kuti idzagonjetsedwa ndi mphamvu zatsopano.
Liu Shiyu, mkulu wa dipatimenti yokonzekera ya General Electric Power Planning Institute, akulosera kuti pa nthawi ya 14th Year Plan, mphamvu yoikidwa ya mphamvu zatsopano ku China idzapitirira 800 miliyoni KW, zomwe zimawerengera 29%;Mphamvu zamagetsi pachaka zimafika pa 1.5 thililiyoni kwh, kupitilira mphamvu yamadzi.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jan-14-2022
