Zida zophatikizika zikulowa m'malo pomanga zida zamakampani opanga magetsi opangira magetsi.Kufufuza za mphamvu zakuthupi ndi njira zina kumawulula ntchito zambiri, makamaka zamagawo ang'onoang'ono ndi ang'onoang'ono.
Nkhaniyi idawunikidwa ndikusinthidwa motsatira ndemanga zomwe akatswiri awiri kapena kupitilira apo ali ndi ukatswiri woyenera.Owunikira anzawo awa amaweruza zolemba pamanja kuti ndi zolondola mwaukadaulo, zothandiza, komanso kufunikira kwathunthu mumakampani opanga magetsi amadzi.
Kukwera kwazinthu zatsopano kumapereka mwayi wosangalatsa kwamakampani opanga magetsi amadzi.Wood - yogwiritsidwa ntchito m'magudumu oyambirira amadzi ndi penstocks - inalowetsedwa m'malo mwa zigawo zachitsulo kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1800.Chitsulo chimakhalabe ndi mphamvu chifukwa cha kutopa kwambiri komanso kukana kukokoloka kwa cavitation ndi dzimbiri.Makhalidwe ake amamveka bwino ndipo njira zopangira chigawocho zimakula bwino.Kwa mayunitsi akuluakulu, chitsulo chidzakhalabe chosankha.
Komabe, chifukwa cha kukwera kwa ma turbine ang'onoang'ono (pansi pa 10 MW) mpaka ma turbine ang'onoang'ono (pansi pa 100 kW), ma composites atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti achepetse kulemera ndikuchepetsa mtengo wopangira komanso kuwononga chilengedwe.Izi ndizofunikira makamaka chifukwa chakufunika kopitilira kukula kwamagetsi.Mphamvu yamagetsi yapadziko lonse yoyika madzi, pafupifupi 800,000 MW malinga ndi kafukufuku wa 2009 wopangidwa ndi Norwegian Renewable Energy Partners, ndi 10% yokha ya mphamvu zomwe zingatheke pazachuma ndi 6% ya mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zingatheke mwaukadaulo.Kuthekera kobweretsa madzi ochulukirapo otheka mwaukadaulo kuti achuluke zotheka pazachuma ndi kuthekera kwamagulu ambiri kuti apereke chuma chambiri.
Kupanga chigawo cha kompositi
Kuti apange penstock mwachuma komanso mwamphamvu kwambiri, njira yabwino kwambiri ndi yokhotakhota.Mandrel wamkulu wokutidwa ndi zokoka za ulusi zomwe zayendetsedwa mu bafa la utomoni.Zokokerazo zimakulungidwa mu hoop ndi mawonekedwe a helical kuti apange mphamvu yakukakamiza kwamkati, kupindika kwautali ndikugwira.Gawo lazotsatira lili m'munsimu likuwonetsa mtengo ndi kulemera kwa phazi pamitundu iwiri ya penstock, kutengera mawu ochokera kwa ogulitsa amderalo.Mawuwo adawonetsa kuti makulidwe ake amayendetsedwa ndi kuyika ndi kuwongolera zofunikira, m'malo mokhala ndi mphamvu yotsika, ndipo kwa onse awiri anali 2.28 cm.
Njira ziwiri zopangira zidaganiziridwa pazipata za wicket ndi ma vanes okhala;kunyowa konyowa ndi kulowetsedwa kwa vacuum.Kuyika konyowa kumagwiritsa ntchito nsalu youma, yomwe imayikidwa mwakuthira utomoni pansaluyo ndikugwiritsa ntchito zodzigudubuza kukankhira utomoni munsaluyo.Izi sizoyera ngati kulowetsedwa kwa vacuum ndipo nthawi zonse sizimapanga mawonekedwe okhathamiritsa kwambiri malinga ndi chiŵerengero cha fiber-to-resin, koma zimatenga nthawi yochepa kusiyana ndi kulowetsedwa kwa vacuum.Kulowetsedwa kwa vacuum kumayika ulusi wouma m'malo olondola, ndipo chowumacho chimakhala ndi vacuum thumba ndikumangirira zowonjezera zomwe zimatsogolera ku utomoni, womwe umakokedwa mu gawo lomwe vacuum iyikidwa.Vacuum imathandiza kuti utomoni ukhale wabwino kwambiri komanso umachepetsa kutulutsa kwachilengedwe.
Chophimba cha mpukutucho chidzagwiritsa ntchito kuyika kwa manja m'magawo awiri osiyana pa nkhungu yamphongo kuti zitsimikizire kuti mkati mwake muli mkati.Magawo awiriwa adzalumikizidwa pamodzi ndi ulusi wowonjezedwa kunja kwa malo olumikizirana kuti atsimikizire mphamvu zokwanira.Kuthamanga kwapang'onopang'ono mu mpukutu wa mpukutu sikufuna kuphatikizika kwamphamvu kwamphamvu, kotero kunyowa kwa nsalu ya fiberglass yokhala ndi utomoni wa epoxy kumakhala kokwanira.Kuchuluka kwa chopondera cha mpukutuwo kunkatengera kapangidwe kamene kamafanana ndi penstock.Chigawo cha 250-kW ndi makina othamanga a axial, kotero palibe mipukutu.
Wothamanga wa turbine amaphatikiza geometry yovuta yokhala ndi zofunikira zolemetsa.Ntchito yaposachedwa yawonetsa kuti zida zamapangidwe amphamvu kwambiri zimatha kupangidwa kuchokera ku prepreg SMC yodulidwa yokhala ndi mphamvu zabwino kwambiri komanso kuuma.5 Mkono woyimitsidwa wa Lamborghini Gallardo unapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito zigawo zingapo za prepreg yodulidwa ya SMC yomwe imadziwika kuti composite yopangidwira, yophatikizika. kupanga makulidwe ofunikira.Njira yomweyi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa othamanga a Francis ndi propeller.Wothamanga wa Francis sangapangidwe ngati gawo limodzi, chifukwa zovuta zomwe zimadutsana ndi tsambalo zingalepheretse gawolo kuti lichotsedwe mu nkhungu.Chifukwa chake, masamba othamanga, korona ndi gulu amapangidwa padera ndiyeno amalumikizidwa palimodzi ndikulimbitsa ndi mabawuti kudzera kunja kwa korona ndi gulu.
Ngakhale chubu chojambula chimapangidwa mosavuta pogwiritsa ntchito ma filament winding, njirayi sinagulitsidwe pogwiritsa ntchito ulusi wachilengedwe.Chifukwa chake, kusanja kwa manja kunasankhidwa, chifukwa iyi ndi njira yokhazikika yopangira, ngakhale kuti pamakhala ndalama zambiri zogwirira ntchito.Pogwiritsa ntchito nkhungu yamphongo yofanana ndi mandrel, kuyika kwake kungathe kumalizidwa ndi nkhungu yopingasa ndipo kenako kutembenuzidwa choyimira kuchiritsa, kuteteza kugwedezeka kumbali imodzi.Kulemera kwa zigawo zophatikizika kumasiyana pang'ono kutengera kuchuluka kwa utomoni mu gawo lomalizidwa.Nambala izi zimachokera ku 50% kulemera kwa fiber.
Zolemera zonse za chitsulo ndi 2-MW turbine yamagetsi ndi 9,888 kg ndi 7,016 kg, motsatana.Ma 250-kW zitsulo ndi ma turbine ophatikizika ndi 3,734 kg ndi 1,927 kg, motsatana.Zokwanirazo zimatengera zipata 20 zamawiketi pa turbine iliyonse ndi penstock kutalika kofanana ndi mutu wa turbine.Zikuoneka kuti penstock adzakhala yaitali ndipo amafuna zovekera, koma chiwerengero amapereka chiŵerengero choyambirira kulemera kwa unit ndi zotumphukira zogwirizana.Jenereta, mabawuti ndi zida zopangira zipata sizikuphatikizidwa ndipo zimaganiziridwa kuti ndizofanana pakati pamagulu ophatikizika ndi zitsulo.Ndizofunikiranso kudziwa kuti kukonzanso kothamanga komwe kumafunikira kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa kupsinjika komwe kumawonedwa mu FEA kumatha kuwonjezera kulemera kwamagulu ophatikizika, koma kuchuluka kwake kumaganiziridwa kukhala kochepa, pa dongosolo la 5 kg kulimbitsa mfundo ndi kupsinjika maganizo.
Ndi zolemera zoperekedwa, 2-MW composite turbine ndi penstock yake ikhoza kukwezedwa ndi V-22 Osprey yofulumira, pamene makina achitsulo amafunikira pang'onopang'ono, osasunthika kwambiri a Chinook twin rotor helikopita.Komanso, 2-MW composite turbine ndi penstock akhoza kukokedwa ndi F-250 4 × 4, pamene chitsulo chachitsulo chimafuna galimoto yokulirapo yomwe ingakhale yovuta kuyendetsa m'misewu ya nkhalango ngati kuikako kunali kutali.
Mapeto
Ndi zotheka kupanga ma turbines kuchokera kuzinthu zophatikizika, ndipo kuchepetsa kulemera kwa 50% mpaka 70% kunawonedwa poyerekeza ndi zigawo zachitsulo wamba.Kulemera kocheperako kumatha kuloleza ma turbine ophatikizika kuti ayikidwe kumadera akutali.Kuphatikiza apo, kusonkhanitsa zida zophatikizikazi sikufuna zida zowotcherera.Zigawozi zimafunanso kuti zigawo zochepa zikhale zomangirira pamodzi, popeza chidutswa chilichonse chikhoza kupangidwa mu gawo limodzi kapena awiri.Pazinthu zazing'ono zomwe zimapangidwira mu kafukufukuyu, mtengo wa nkhungu ndi zida zina zimalamulira mtengo wachigawocho.
Maulendo ang'onoang'ono omwe asonyezedwa apa akuwonetsa zomwe zingawononge ndalama zoyambira kufufuza kwina kwazinthuzi.Kafukufukuyu amatha kuthana ndi kukokoloka kwa cavitation ndi chitetezo cha UV chazigawo pambuyo pa kukhazikitsa.Zitha kukhala zotheka kugwiritsa ntchito zokutira za elastomer kapena ceramic kuti muchepetse cavitation kapena kuonetsetsa kuti turbine ikuyenda mumayendedwe oyenda ndi mitu yomwe imalepheretsa kuti cavitation isachitike.Zidzakhala zofunikira kuyesa ndi kuthetsa nkhanizi ndi zina kuti zitsimikizire kuti mayunitsi amatha kukhala odalirika mofanana ndi makina opangira zitsulo, makamaka ngati akuyenera kuikidwa m'madera omwe kukonzanso sikudzakhala kochepa.
Ngakhale pamayendedwe ang'onoang'ono awa, zida zina zophatikizika zimatha kukhala zotsika mtengo chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ntchito yofunikira popanga.Mwachitsanzo, mpukutu wa 2-MW Francis unit ungawononge $80,000 kuti uwotcherera kuchokera kuchitsulo poyerekeza ndi $25,000 popanga kompositi.Komabe, kutengera kapangidwe kabwino ka othamanga a turbine, mtengo wopangira othamanga ophatikiza ndi wopitilira zitsulo zofanana.Wothamanga wa 2-MW angagule pafupifupi $23,000 kupanga kuchokera kuzitsulo, poyerekeza ndi $27,000 kuchokera kumagulu.Mitengo ingasiyane ndi makina.Ndipo mtengo wazinthu zophatikizika ukhoza kutsika kwambiri pakapangidwe kambiri ngati nkhungu zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito.
Ochita kafukufuku afufuza kale ntchito yomanga othamanga a turbine kuchokera ku zipangizo zophatikizika.8 Komabe, phunziroli silinathetse kukokoloka kwa cavitation ndi kuthekera kwa zomangamanga.Chotsatira cha ma turbine ophatikizika ndikupanga ndi kupanga masikelo omwe angalole umboni wakutheka komanso chuma cha kupanga.Gawoli likhoza kuyesedwa kuti lidziwe momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito bwino komanso momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito, komanso njira zopewera kukokoloka kwa cavitation.
Nthawi yotumiza: Feb-15-2022
