Mfundo ndi Kukula kwa Kagwiritsidwe Ntchito ka Makina Opangira Madzi

Makina opangira madzi ndi makina a turbomachinery mu makina amadzimadzi.Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 100 BC, chitsanzo cha turbine yamadzi, gudumu lamadzi, chinabadwa.Panthawiyo, ntchito yaikulu inali kuyendetsa makina opangira tirigu ndi ulimi wothirira.Gudumu lamadzi, ngati chida chomangira chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito madzi oyenda ngati mphamvu, chapanga makina opangira madzi apano, ndipo kuchuluka kwake komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwakulitsidwanso.Ndiye kodi makina opangira madzi amakono amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti?
Ma turbines amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'malo opangira magetsi opopera.Pamene katundu wa dongosolo mphamvu ndi m'munsi kuposa katundu zofunika, angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati mpope madzi ntchito owonjezera mphamvu m'badwo mphamvu kupopera madzi kuchokera mtsinje posungira ku mtsinje dziwe kumtunda kusunga mphamvu mu mawonekedwe a mphamvu angathe;pamene katundu wa dongosolo ndi wapamwamba kuposa katundu wofunikira, angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati turbine ya hydraulic , imapanga magetsi kuti athe kuyendetsa katundu wapamwamba.Chifukwa chake, malo opangira magetsi opopera sangathe kukulitsa mphamvu yamagetsi, koma amatha kupititsa patsogolo chuma chamagulu opangira mphamvu zamagetsi ndikuwongolera magwiridwe antchito onse amagetsi.Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1950, zida zosungiramo zopopera zakhala zamtengo wapatali komanso zakula mofulumira m'mayiko padziko lonse lapansi.

Zambiri zosungirako zopopera zomwe zimapangidwira kumayambiriro kapena ndi mutu wapamwamba wamadzi amatengera mtundu wa makina atatu, ndiko kuti, amapangidwa ndi injini ya jenereta, makina opangira madzi ndi mpope wamadzi mndandanda.Ubwino wake ndikuti turbine ndi mpope wamadzi zimapangidwira mosiyana, zomwe zimatha kukhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, ndipo gawolo limazungulira mbali imodzi popanga magetsi ndi kupopera madzi, ndipo limatha kutembenuka mwachangu kuchokera kumagetsi kupita ku kupopera, kapena kuchokera pakupopera mpaka kupanga mphamvu.Pa nthawi yomweyo, turbine angagwiritsidwe ntchito kuyambitsa unit.Choyipa chake ndi chakuti mtengo wake ndi wokwera komanso ndalama zopangira magetsi ndizambiri.
Masamba a wothamanga wa oblique flow pump turbine amatha kuzunguliridwa, ndipo amakhalabe ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino pamene mutu wamadzi ndi katundu zikusintha.Komabe, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mawonekedwe a hydraulic ndi mphamvu zakuthupi, pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, mutu wake wa ukonde unali mamita 136.2 okha.(Takagen First Power Station yaku Japan).Kwa mitu yapamwamba, ma turbines amapope a Francis amafunikira.
Malo opangira magetsi opopera ali ndi malo osungira kumtunda ndi kumunsi.Pansi pa kusunga mphamvu zomwezo, kuonjezera kukweza kungathe kuchepetsa kusungirako, kuonjezera liwiro la unit, ndi kuchepetsa mtengo wa polojekiti.Choncho, malo opangira mphamvu zosungiramo mphamvu zapamwamba pamwamba pa mamita 300 apangidwa mofulumira.Francis pump-turbine yokhala ndi mutu wapamwamba kwambiri wamadzi padziko lonse lapansi yayikidwa mu Baina Basta Power Station ku Yugoslavia.chaka kugwira ntchito.Kuyambira m'zaka za zana la 20, mayunitsi a hydropower akhala akukula motsata magawo apamwamba komanso mphamvu zazikulu.Ndi kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu yamagetsi yamagetsi mumagetsi ndi chitukuko cha mphamvu ya nyukiliya, kuti athetse vuto la malamulo apamwamba apamwamba, kuwonjezera pakupanga mwamphamvu kapena kukulitsa malo opangira magetsi m'magulu akuluakulu a madzi, mayiko padziko lonse lapansi. akumanga mokangalika malo opangira magetsi opopera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makina apampu apangidwe mwachangu.

Monga makina amagetsi omwe amasintha mphamvu yamadzi oyenda kukhala mphamvu yamakina ozungulira, hydro turbine ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la seti ya hydro-jenereta.Masiku ano, vuto la chitetezo cha chilengedwe likukulirakulirakulira, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kupititsa patsogolo mphamvu ya hydropower, yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zoyera, ikuwonjezeka.Kuti agwiritse ntchito mokwanira zinthu zosiyanasiyana zama hydraulic, mafunde, mitsinje yotsika komanso mafunde otsika kwambiri akopa chidwi chofala, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ma turbines a tubular ndi tizigawo tating'ono tating'ono tipitirire.