Patha zaka 111 kuchokera pamene China idayamba kumanga siteshoni ya shilongba hydropower, siteshoni yoyamba yopangira mphamvu yamadzi mu 1910. M'zaka zopitirira 100, kuchokera pa malo opangira magetsi a shilongba 480 kW mpaka 370 miliyoni KW omwe tsopano ali oyamba Padziko lonse, makampani a madzi ndi magetsi ku China achita bwino kwambiri.Tili m'mafakitale a malasha, ndipo timva nkhani zina zokhuza mphamvu yamadzi mochulukirapo, koma sitikudziwa zambiri zamakampani opanga mphamvu zamagetsi.
01 mfundo yopanga mphamvu ya hydropower
Mphamvu ya Hydropower ndiyo njira yosinthira mphamvu yamadzi kukhala mphamvu yamakina, kenako kuchokera kumakina kupita ku mphamvu yamagetsi.Nthawi zambiri, ndikugwiritsa ntchito madzi amtsinje oyenda kutembenuza injini kuti ipange mphamvu, ndipo mphamvu zomwe zili mumtsinje kapena gawo la beseni lake zimatengera kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi kutsika kwake.
Kuchuluka kwa madzi a mtsinjewo kumayendetsedwa ndi palibe munthu walamulo, ndipo kutsika kuli bwino.Chifukwa chake, pomanga malo opangira magetsi amadzi, mutha kusankha kumanga dziwe ndikupatutsa madzi kuti asunthike kwambiri, kuti muwongolere kagwiritsidwe ntchito ka madzi.
Damming ndi kumanga dziwe mu gawo la mtsinje ndi dontho lalikulu, kukhazikitsa dziwe kusunga madzi ndi kukweza mlingo wa madzi, monga Three Gorges Hydropower Station;Kupatutsidwa kumatanthauza kupatutsidwa kwa madzi kuchokera ku dziwe lakumtunda kupita kunsi kwa mtsinje kudzera mu njira yopatutsira, monga malo opangira magetsi a Jinping II.
02 mawonekedwe a hydropower
Ubwino wa hydropower makamaka umaphatikizapo kuteteza chilengedwe ndi kusinthika, kuyendetsa bwino kwambiri komanso kusinthasintha, mtengo wotsika wokonza ndi zina zotero.
Kuteteza chilengedwe ndi zongowonjezwdwa ayenera kukhala mwayi waukulu wa hydropower.Mphamvu ya Hydropower imangogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu m'madzi, siiwononga madzi, komanso siyiyambitsa kuipitsa.
Jenereta ya jenereta yamadzi, zida zazikulu zopangira mphamvu ya hydropower, sizothandiza kokha, komanso zimasinthasintha poyambira ndikugwira ntchito.Ikhoza kuyambitsa ntchitoyi mofulumira kuchokera kumalo osasunthika mumphindi zochepa ndikumaliza ntchito yowonjezera ndi kuchepetsa katundu mumasekondi pang'ono.Mphamvu ya Hydropower ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pochita ntchito zometa kwambiri, kusinthasintha pafupipafupi, kuyimilira kwapang'onopang'ono ndi kuyimirira mwangozi kwamagetsi.
Kupanga mphamvu ya Hydropower sikumadya mafuta, sikufuna anthu ambiri ogwira ntchito komanso malo omwe amaperekedwa kumigodi ndi kunyamula mafuta, ali ndi zida zosavuta, ogwiritsira ntchito ochepa, mphamvu zocheperako, nthawi yayitali yogwiritsira ntchito zida ndi ndalama zochepa zogwirira ntchito ndi kukonza.Chifukwa chake, mtengo wamagetsi opangira magetsi opangira magetsi ndi otsika, omwe ndi 1 / 5-1 / 8 okha a malo opangira magetsi otenthetsera, ndipo mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya hydropower station ndiyokwera, mpaka 85%, pomwe malasha. -Kuwotcha mphamvu yamafuta otenthetsera pamalo opangira magetsi ndi pafupifupi 40%.
Kuipa kwa mphamvu yopangira magetsi pamadzi kumaphatikizapo kukhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nyengo, kuchepa kwa malo, ndalama zambiri kumayambiriro komanso kuwonongeka kwa chilengedwe.
Mphamvu ya hydropower imakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mvula.Kaya ndi nyengo yowuma komanso yamvula ndizofunikira kwambiri pakugula malasha kufakitale yamagetsi yotentha.Kupanga mphamvu ya Hydropower kumakhala kokhazikika malinga ndi chaka ndi chigawo, koma zimatengera "tsiku" likafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane mwezi, kotala ndi dera.Sizingapereke mphamvu zokhazikika komanso zodalirika ngati mphamvu yamafuta.
Pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa Kumwera ndi kumpoto m'nyengo yamvula ndi nyengo yamvula.Komabe, malinga ndi ziwerengero za kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi mwezi uliwonse kuyambira 2013 mpaka 2021, nthawi yonseyi, nyengo yamvula ku China imakhala pafupifupi Juni mpaka Okutobala ndipo nyengo yamvula imakhala pafupifupi Disembala mpaka February.Kusiyanitsa pakati pa ziwirizi kungakhale kuwirikiza kawiri.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, tikhoza kuonanso kuti pansi pa kuwonjezereka kwa mphamvu zowonjezera, mphamvu zopangira magetsi kuyambira January mpaka March chaka chino ndizochepa kwambiri kuposa zaka zapitazo, ndipo mphamvu yamagetsi mu March ndi yofanana ndi 2015. Izi ndizokwanira kuti tiwone "kusakhazikika" kwa mphamvu yamagetsi.
Zochepa ndi zolinga.Malo opangira magetsi opangira madzi sangamangidwe pomwe pali madzi.Kumanga kwa siteshoni yopangira magetsi amadzi kumachepa ndi geology, kutsika, kuchuluka kwa mayendedwe, kusamuka kwa anthu komanso magawo oyang'anira.Mwachitsanzo, ntchito yosungira madzi ku Heishan Gorge yomwe inatchulidwa ku National People's Congress mu 1956 sinadutsidwe chifukwa cha kusamvana kwabwino pakati pa Gansu ndi Ningxia.Mpaka zionekerenso pamalingaliro a magawo awiriwa chaka chino, sizikudziwika kuti ntchitoyo iyambike liti.
Ndalama zomwe zimafunikira popanga mphamvu yamadzi ndizazikulu.Ntchito zomangira malo opangira magetsi opangira magetsi pamadzi ndi zazikulu, ndipo ndalama zambiri zokhazikitsiranso anthu ziyenera kulipidwa;Komanso, ndalama zoyambirira sizimangowoneka mu likulu, komanso nthawi.Chifukwa chofuna kukhazikanso anthu komanso kugwirizanitsa m'madipatimenti osiyanasiyana, ntchito yomanga malo ambiri opangira magetsi a madzi ichedwa kwambiri kuposa momwe anakonzera.
Kutengera Baihetan Hydropower Station yomwe ikumangidwa monga chitsanzo, ntchitoyi idakhazikitsidwa mu 1958 ndipo idaphatikizidwa mu "ndondomeko yachitatu yazaka zisanu" mu 1965. Baihetan Hydropower Station sinamalizidwe.Kupatula kamangidwe koyambirira ndikukonzekera, ntchito yomanga yeniyeni idzatenga zaka zosachepera 10.
Malo osungiramo madzi akuluakulu amachititsa kuti madzi azitha kumtunda kwa damu, nthawi zina kuwononga malo otsika, zigwa za mitsinje, nkhalango ndi udzu.Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zidzakhudzanso zamoyo zam'madzi zozungulira zomera.Zimakhudza kwambiri nsomba, mbalame zam'madzi ndi nyama zina.
03 zomwe zikuchitika pakukula kwa mphamvu ya hydropower ku China
M'zaka zaposachedwa, kupanga mphamvu zamagetsi pamadzi kwapitilira kukula, koma kukula kwazaka zisanu zapitazi ndikotsika
Mu 2020, mphamvu yopangira magetsi amadzi ndi 1355.21 biliyoni kwh, ndi chiwonjezeko chaka ndi chaka ndi 3.9%.Komabe, mu nthawi ya 13th Year Plan Plan, mphamvu yamphepo ndi Optoelectronics zidakula mwachangu mu nthawi ya 13th Year Plan Plan, kupitilira zolinga zokonzekera, pomwe mphamvu yamadzi idangomaliza pafupifupi theka la zolinga zokonzekera.Pazaka 20 zapitazi, gawo la mphamvu yamadzi mu mphamvu zonse zopangira magetsi lakhala lokhazikika, likusungidwa pa 14% -19%.
Kuchokera pakukula kwa magetsi aku China, zikuwoneka kuti kukula kwa mphamvu yamadzi kwatsika m'zaka zisanu zaposachedwa, kusungidwa pafupifupi 5%.
Ndikuganiza kuti zifukwa zochepetsera pang'onopang'ono ndizo, kumbali imodzi, kutsekedwa kwa magetsi ang'onoang'ono a hydropower, omwe amatchulidwa momveka bwino mu ndondomeko ya 13 ya zaka zisanu zotetezera ndi kukonza chilengedwe.Pali malo 4705 ang'onoang'ono opangira mphamvu yamadzi omwe akuyenera kukonzedwa ndikuchotsedwa m'chigawo cha Sichuan chokha;
Kumbali ina, zida zazikulu zaku China zopangira mphamvu yamadzi ndizosakwanira.China yamanga malo ambiri opangira magetsi opangira madzi monga ma Gorges atatu, Gezhouba, Wudongde, Xiangjiaba ndi Baihetan.Zothandizira zomangiranso malo akuluakulu opangira magetsi opangira mphamvu yamadzi zitha kukhala "njira yayikulu" ya mtsinje wa Yarlung Zangbo.Komabe, chifukwa derali limakhudza kapangidwe ka geological, kuwongolera chilengedwe kwa malo osungira zachilengedwe komanso ubale ndi mayiko ozungulira, zakhala zovuta kuthetsa m'mbuyomu.
Nthawi yomweyo, zitha kuwonekanso kuchokera pakukula kwa mphamvu zopangira magetsi m'zaka zaposachedwa za 20 kuti kukula kwa mphamvu zotenthetsera kumayenderana ndi kukula kwa mphamvu zonse zopangira magetsi, pomwe kukula kwa mphamvu yamagetsi sikukhudzana ndi kukula kwa mphamvu zonse zopangira mphamvu, kusonyeza mkhalidwe wa "kukwera chaka chilichonse".Ngakhale pali zifukwa za kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zotentha, zimasonyezanso kusakhazikika kwa mphamvu ya hydropower pamlingo wina wake.
Pochepetsa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zotentha, mphamvu ya hydropower sinagwire ntchito yayikulu.Ngakhale kuti ikukula mofulumira, imatha kusunga gawo lake pakupanga mphamvu zonse pansi pa chiwonjezeko chachikulu cha kutulutsa mphamvu kwa dziko.Kuchepetsedwa kwa gawo la mphamvu zotentha makamaka chifukwa cha mphamvu zina zoyera, monga mphamvu ya mphepo, photovoltaic, gasi lachilengedwe, mphamvu ya nyukiliya ndi zina zotero.
Kuchulukirachulukira kwazinthu zamagetsi zamagetsi
Mphamvu zonse zopangira mphamvu yamadzi m'zigawo za Sichuan ndi Yunnan zimatenga pafupifupi theka la mphamvu zopangira magetsi padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo vuto lomwe limakhalapo ndi loti madera omwe ali ndi mphamvu zopangira mphamvu yamadzi sangathe kuyamwa mphamvu zopangira magetsi m'deralo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu ziwonongeke.Awiri mwa magawo atatu a madzi otayira ndi magetsi m'mitsinje ikuluikulu ku China amachokera ku Sichuan Province, mpaka 20.2 biliyoni kwh, pomwe theka la magetsi otayira m'chigawo cha Sichuan amachokera kumtsinje waukulu wa Dadu River.
Padziko lonse lapansi, mphamvu yopangira madzi ku China yakula kwambiri m'zaka 10 zapitazi.China yatsala pang'ono kupititsa patsogolo kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi ndi mphamvu zake.Pafupifupi 80% ya kukula kwa mphamvu yamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi imachokera ku China, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamadzi ku China kumagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yopitilira 30% yamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi.
Komabe, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamadzi ku China ndizokwera pang'ono kuposa kuchuluka kwapadziko lonse lapansi, zosakwana 8% mu 2019. Ngakhale sizingafanane ndi mayiko otukuka monga Canada ndi Norway, kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zamagetsi kumagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamadzi. otsika kwambiri kuposa dziko la Brazil, lomwenso ndi dziko lotukuka kumene.China ili ndi ma kilowatts 680 miliyoni amagetsi amadzi, omwe ali oyamba padziko lonse lapansi.Pofika chaka cha 2020, mphamvu yoyika mphamvu yamadzi idzakhala ma kilowati 370 miliyoni.Kuchokera pamalingaliro awa, makampani opanga magetsi aku China akadali ndi mwayi wotukuka.
04 tsogolo lachitukuko cha hydropower ku China
Mphamvu ya Hydropower idzakulitsa kukula kwake m'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi ndipo ipitilira kuwonjezeka mu gawo la mphamvu zonse zopangira magetsi.
Kumbali imodzi, mu nthawi ya 14th Year Plan Plan, ma kilowatts opitilira 50 miliyoni amagetsi amadzi amatha kukhazikitsidwa ku China, kuphatikiza Wudongde, Baihetan Hydropower Stations a gulu la Three Gorges komanso malo apakati a Yalong River hydropower station.Kuphatikiza apo, pulojekiti yotukula mphamvu yamadzi kumunsi kwa mtsinje wa Yarlung Zangbo yaphatikizidwa mu pulani yazaka 14 yazaka zisanu, ndi ma kilowatts 70 miliyoni azinthu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito mwaukadaulo, zomwe ndi zofanana ndi malo opangira magetsi opitilira atatu a Three Gorges, kutanthauza kuti mphamvu yamadzi. wabweretsanso chitukuko chachikulu;
Kumbali inayi, kuchepetsedwa kwa sikelo yamphamvu yamafuta ndikodziwikiratu.Kaya kuchokera pakuwona chitetezo cha chilengedwe, chitetezo cha mphamvu ndi chitukuko cha zamakono, mphamvu zotentha zidzapitiriza kuchepetsa kufunika kwake m'munda wamagetsi.
M'zaka zingapo zikubwerazi, liwiro la kukula kwa mphamvu zamagetsi silingafanane ndi mphamvu zatsopano.Ngakhale mu gawo la mphamvu zonse zopangira mphamvu, zikhoza kudyedwa ndi kuchedwa kwa mphamvu zatsopano.Ngati nthawiyo italika, tinganene kuti idzagonjetsedwa ndi mphamvu zatsopano.
Nthawi yotumiza: Apr-12-2022
