Rection turbine ndi mtundu wamakina a hydraulic omwe amasintha mphamvu ya hydraulic kukhala mphamvu yamakina pogwiritsa ntchito kuthamanga kwamadzi.
(1) Kapangidwe.Zida zazikulu zamakina opangira ma turbine zimaphatikizirapo wothamanga, chipinda chamutu, makina owongolera madzi ndi chubu cholembera.
1) Wothamanga.Runner ndi chigawo cha hydraulic turbine chomwe chimasintha mphamvu yoyenda madzi kukhala mphamvu yozungulira yamakina.Malinga ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zosinthira mphamvu zamadzi, zida zothamanga zama turbines osiyanasiyana zimasiyananso.Francis turbine wothamanga amapangidwa ndi masamba opindika, korona wamagudumu ndi mphete yapansi;Wothamanga wa axial-flow turbine amapangidwa ndi masamba, thupi lothamanga, kondomu yotulutsa ndi zigawo zina zazikulu: kapangidwe kamene kamathamanga othamanga ndizovuta.Malo oyika masamba amatha kusintha ndi momwe amagwirira ntchito ndikufanana ndi kutsegulidwa kwa vane kalozera.Mzere wozungulira wa tsamba umapanga ngodya yozungulira (45 ° ~ 60 °) yokhala ndi olamulira a turbine.
2) Chipinda chamutu.Ntchito yake ndikupangitsa kuti madzi aziyenda mofanana ndi njira yowongolera madzi, kuchepetsa kutayika kwa mphamvu ndikuwongolera mphamvu ya hydraulic turbine.Metal spiral kesi yokhala ndi gawo lozungulira nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma turbines akulu ndi apakatikati a hydraulic turbines okhala ndi mutu wamadzi pamwamba pa 50m, ndipo konkriti yozungulira yozungulira yokhala ndi gawo la trapezoidal nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pama turbine okhala ndi mutu wamadzi pansi pa 50m.
3) Njira yowongolera madzi.Nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi manambala ena owongolera omwe amawongolera komanso makina awo ozungulira omwe amakonzedwa mozungulira pamphepete mwa wothamanga.Ntchito yake ndikuwongolera kayendedwe ka madzi kwa wothamanga mofanana, ndikusintha kudutsa kwa turbine ya hydraulic mwa kusintha kutsegulira kwa chowongolera, kuti akwaniritse zofunikira za jenereta.Imagwiranso ntchito yosindikiza madzi pamene yatsekedwa kwathunthu.
4) Tube lojambula.Gawo la mphamvu zotsala m'madzi oyenda panjira yothamangitsira sizinagwiritsidwe ntchito.Ntchito ya chubu cholembera ndikubwezeretsa mphamvu ndikutulutsa madzi kunsi kwa mtsinje.Draft chubu ikhoza kugawidwa mu mawonekedwe a cone wowongoka ndi mawonekedwe opindika.Yoyamba ili ndi mphamvu yayikulu ndipo nthawi zambiri imakhala yoyenera pama turbine ang'onoang'ono opingasa ndi ma tubular;Ngakhale kuti ntchito ya hydraulic yotsirizirayi si yabwino ngati ya cone yowongoka, kuya kwa migodi kumakhala kochepa, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu turbine yaikulu ndi yapakati.
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(2) Gulu.Makina opangira turbine amagawidwa kukhala turbine ya Francis, turbine ya diagonal, axial turbine ndi tubular turbine molingana ndi momwe madzi amayendera podutsa patsinde la wothamanga.
1) Francis turbine.Francis (radial axial flow kapena Francis) turbine ndi mtundu wa turbine yomwe madzi amayenda mozungulira mozungulira ndikuyenda mozungulira.Mtundu uwu wa turbine uli ndi mitu yambiri yogwiritsidwa ntchito (30 ~ 700m), kapangidwe kosavuta, voliyumu yaying'ono komanso mtengo wotsika.Makina opangira magetsi akulu kwambiri a Francis omwe ayamba kugwira ntchito ku China ndi turbine ya Ertan Hydropower Plant, yomwe ili ndi mphamvu zotulutsa 582mw ndi mphamvu yayikulu yotulutsa 621 MW.
2) Axial flow turbine.Axial flow turbine ndi mtundu wa turbine wamagetsi momwe madzi amalowa ndikutuluka kuchokera pa othamanga.Mtundu woterewu wa turbine umagawidwa mu mtundu wokhazikika wa propeller (mtundu wa screw propeller) ndi mtundu wa rotary propeller (mtundu wa Kaplan).Masamba akale amakhazikika ndipo masamba omaliza amatha kuzungulira.Mphamvu yotulutsa ya axial-flow turbine ndi yayikulu kuposa ya Francis turbine.Chifukwa malo a tsamba la turbine ya rotor amatha kusintha ndi kusintha kwa katundu, imakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri pakusintha kwakukulu kwa katundu.Kukaniza kwa cavitation ndi mphamvu zamakina axial-flow turbine ndizoyipa kwambiri kuposa za Francis turbine, komanso kapangidwe kake ndizovuta kwambiri.Pakali pano, mutu woyenera wa turbine wamtunduwu wafika kuposa 80m.
3) Tubular turbine.Kuthamanga kwa madzi a mtundu uwu wa turbine kumayenda axially kuchokera ku axial kuyenda kwa wothamanga, ndipo palibe kuzungulira patsogolo ndi pambuyo pa wothamanga.Mutu wogwiritsira ntchito ndi 3 ~ 20 .. Ili ndi ubwino wa kutalika kwa fuselage yaying'ono, kuyenda bwino kwa madzi, kuyendetsa bwino, kutsika kwa zomangamanga, kutsika mtengo, kusakhala ndi volute ndi yokhotakhota chubu, ndi kutsika mutu wa madzi, zoonekeratu ubwino wake.
Malinga ndi njira yolumikizira ndi kutumizira kwa jenereta, turbine ya tubula imagawika mumtundu wathunthu wamtundu wamitundu yonse komanso mtundu wa semi tubular.Mtundu wa semi tubular umagawidwanso kukhala mtundu wa babu, mtundu wa shaft ndi mtundu wowonjezera wa shaft, womwe mtundu wowonjezera wa shaft umagawidwa kukhala shaft yokhazikika ndi shaft yopingasa.Pakalipano, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi mtundu wa bulbu, mtundu wa shaft yowonjezera ndi mtundu wa shaft, womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamagulu ang'onoang'ono.M'zaka zaposachedwa, mtundu wa shaft umagwiritsidwanso ntchito pamagawo akulu ndi apakatikati.
Jenereta ya axial extension tubular unit imayikidwa kunja kwa njira yamadzi, ndipo jenereta imalumikizidwa ndi turbine yamadzi yokhala ndi shaft yayitali yayitali kapena shaft yopingasa.Mapangidwe a mtundu wowonjezera wa shaft ndi wosavuta kuposa mtundu wa babu.
4) Diagonal flow turbine.Mapangidwe ndi kukula kwa turbine ya diagonal (yomwe imadziwikanso kuti diagonal) ili pakati pa Francis ndi axial flow.Kusiyana kwakukulu ndikuti mzere wapakati wa tsamba lothamanga uli pa ngodya inayake ndi mzere wapakati wa turbine.Chifukwa cha mawonekedwe apangidwe, chipangizocho sichiloledwa kumira panthawi yogwira ntchito, kotero chipangizo cha chitetezo cha axial kusamutsidwa chimayikidwa mu dongosolo lachiwiri kuteteza kugunda pakati pa tsamba ndi chipinda chothamanga.Mutu wogwiritsa ntchito wa turbine ya diagonal flow turbine ndi 25 ~ 200m.
Pakadali pano, mphamvu yayikulu kwambiri yamagetsi otsika padziko lonse lapansi ndi 215MW (yomwe kale inali Soviet Union), ndipo mutu wapamwamba kwambiri ndi 136m (Japan).
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-01-2021
