Othamanga a Turbine Yamadzi: Mitundu ndi Mafotokozedwe Aukadaulo

Ma turbines amadzi ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri pamakina amagetsi amagetsi, kutembenuza mphamvu yamadzi oyenda kapena kugwa kukhala mphamvu yamakina. Pamtima pa ndondomekoyi paliwothamanga, gawo lozungulira la turbine lomwe limalumikizana mwachindunji ndi kutuluka kwa madzi. Mapangidwe, mtundu, ndi ukadaulo wa wothamanga ndi wofunikira kwambiri pakuzindikira momwe turbine imagwirira ntchito, mutu wamutu wogwirira ntchito, komanso momwe amagwiritsira ntchito.

1. Gulu la Oyendetsa Makina a Madzi

Oyendetsa ma turbine amadzi nthawi zambiri amagawidwa m'magulu atatu kutengera mtundu wa madzi omwe amayendera:

A. Impulse Runners

Ma turbines amphamvu amagwira ntchito ndi ma jets amadzi othamanga kwambiri omwe amamenya mabala othamanga mumlengalenga. Othamanga awa adapangidwiramutu wapamwamba, otsikamapulogalamu.

• Pelton Runner:

  • Kapangidwe: Zidebe zooneka ngati sipuni zoikidwa m’mphepete mwa gudumu.

  • Mutu RangeKutalika: 100-1800 m.

  • Liwiro: Kuthamanga kochepa kozungulira; nthawi zambiri amafuna owonjezera liwiro.

  • Mapulogalamu: Madera amapiri, off-grid micro-hydropower.

B. Reaction Othamanga

Ma turbine amadzimadzi amagwira ntchito ndi kuthamanga kwa madzi kumasintha pang'onopang'ono pamene akudutsa pa wothamanga. Othamangawa amamizidwa ndipo amagwira ntchito pansi pa mphamvu ya madzi.

• Francis Runner:

  • Kapangidwe: Kuthamanga kosakanikirana ndi kayendedwe ka mkati ndi axial.

  • Mutu RangeKutalika: 20-300 m.

  • Kuchita bwino: Pamwamba, nthawi zambiri kuposa 90%.

  • Mapulogalamu: Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pama hydro station apakati.

• Kaplan Runner:

  • Kapangidwe: Axial flow runner yokhala ndi masamba osinthika.

  • Mutu RangeKutalika: 2-30 m.

  • Mawonekedwe: Masamba osinthika amalola kuti azigwira bwino ntchito pansi pa katundu wosiyanasiyana.

  • Mapulogalamu: Mitsinje yotsika, mitsinje yothamanga kwambiri komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mafunde.

• Wothamanga Wothamanga:

  • Kapangidwe: Zofanana ndi Kaplan koma zokhala ndi masamba osakhazikika.

  • Kuchita bwino: Mulingo woyenera pokhapokha pamayendedwe okhazikika.

  • Mapulogalamu: Malo ang'onoang'ono a hydro omwe ali ndi kuyenda kokhazikika ndi mutu.

C. Mitundu Ina Yothamanga

• Wothamanga wa Turgo:

  • Kapangidwe: Majeti amadzi amagunda wothamanga pa ngodya.

  • Mutu RangeKutalika: 50-250 m.

  • Ubwino: Kuthamanga kwakukulu kozungulira kuposa Pelton, zomangamanga zosavuta.

  • Mapulogalamu: Malo opangira mphamvu zamagetsi ang'onoang'ono mpaka apakatikati.

• Cross-Flow Runner (Banki-Michell Turbine):

  • Kapangidwe: Madzi amayenda mwa wothamanga modutsa, kawiri.

  • Mutu RangeKutalika: 2-100 m.

  • Mawonekedwe: Zabwino pamagetsi ang'onoang'ono a hydropower komanso kuyenda kosinthika.

  • Mapulogalamu: Off-grid systems, mini hydro.

2. Zofunikira Zaukadaulo za Othamanga

Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya othamanga imafunikira kusamalitsa magawo awo aukadaulo kuti awonetsetse kuti akuyenda bwino:

3. Zosankha Zosankha

Posankha mtundu wothamanga, mainjiniya ayenera kuganizira:

• Mutu ndi Kuyenda: Imasankha kusankha mongokakamiza kapena kuchita.

• Makhalidwe a Tsamba: Kusintha kwa mtsinje, kuchuluka kwa dothi, kusintha kwa nyengo.

• Kusinthasintha kwa Ntchito: Kufunika kosintha tsamba kapena kusintha koyenda.

• Mtengo ndi Kusamalira: Othamanga osavuta ngati Pelton kapena Propeller ndiosavuta kusamalira.

4. Zochitika Zam'tsogolo

Ndi kupita patsogolo kwa computational fluid dynamics (CFD) ndi 3D metal printing, turbine runner design ikupita ku:

• Kuchita bwino kwambiri mumayendedwe osinthika

• Othamanga mwamakonda anu enieni malo

• Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zophatikizika popanga masamba opepuka komanso osachita dzimbiri

Mapeto

Oyendetsa ma turbine amadzi ndiye mwala wapangodya wa kusintha kwamphamvu kwa hydropower. Posankha mtundu wothamanga woyenera ndikuwongolera magawo ake aukadaulo, zopangira magetsi opangira magetsi amadzi zimatha kuchita bwino kwambiri, moyo wautali wautumiki, ndikuchepetsa kuwononga chilengedwe. Kaya zopangira magetsi akumidzi ang'onoang'ono kapena zida zazikulu zolumikizidwa ndi gridi, wothamanga amakhalabe chinsinsi chotsegulira mphamvu zonse za hydropower.