Pave nemakore 111 kubva China yatanga kuvaka shilongba hydropower station, yekutanga hydropower station muna 1910. Mumakore anodarika zana, kubva pane yakaiswa simba re shilongba hydropower station ye 480 kW chete kusvika 370 miriyoni KW ikozvino iri yekutanga mu. pasi rose, indasitiri yemvura nemagetsi yekuChina yakaita budiriro dzinoshamisa.Isu tiri muindasitiri yemarasha, uye tichanzwa dzimwe nhau nezve hydropower zvakanyanya kana zvishoma, asi isu hatizive zvakawanda nezve hydropower indasitiri.
01 kugadzirwa kwemagetsi musimboti wehydropower
Hydropower ndiyo nzira yekushandura simba rinogona kuitika remvura kuita magetsi emagetsi, uyezve kubva musimba remagetsi kuita simba remagetsi.Kazhinji kutaura, iko kushandisa mvura yerwizi inoyerera kushandura mota yekugadzira magetsi, uye simba riri murwizi kana chikamu chebheseni rayo zvinoenderana nehuwandu hwemvura uye kudonha.
Mvura yemvura yerwizi inodzorwa pasina munhu wepamutemo, uye kudonha kwakanaka.Naizvozvo, kana uchivaka chiteshi chemagetsi emvura, unogona kusarudza kuvaka dhamu uye kuchinjisa mvura kuti inakidze kudonha, kuitira kuvandudza mwero wekushandiswa kwezviwanikwa zvemvura.
Damming kuvaka dhamu muchikamu cherwizi rine donhwe rakakura, kugadzira dhamu rekuchengetedza mvura uye kusimudza mwero wemvura, seThree Gorges Hydropower Station;Diversion inoreva kutsauswa kwemvura kubva padhamu repamusoro pemvura kuenda kuzasi kuburikidza nemugero wekutsausa, seJinping II hydropower station.
02 maitiro e hydropower
Zvakanakira zve hydropower zvinonyanya zvinosanganisira kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuvandudzwa, kushanda kwepamusoro uye kuchinjika, mutengo wakaderera wekugadzirisa uye zvichingodaro.
Kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye kuvandudzwa kunofanirwa kuve mukana mukuru wemagetsi emvura.Hydropower inoshandisa simba riri mumvura chete, haipedzi mvura, uye haikonzere kusvibiswa.
Mvura yejenareta yejenareta, iyo huru yemagetsi ekugadzirwa kwehydropower, haisi kungoshanda chete, asiwo inoshanduka mukutanga-up uye kushanda.Inogona kutanga oparesheni nekukurumidza kubva kune yakamira mamiriro mumaminetsi mashoma uye kupedza basa rekuwedzera uye kuderedza mutoro mumasekonzi mashoma.Hydropower inogona kushandiswa kuita mabasa ekuveura ndebvu, frequency modulation, load standby uye tsaona standby yemagetsi system.
Kugadzirwa kweHydropower hakupedzi mafuta, hakudi simba rakawanda uye zvivakwa zvakaiswa mari mumigodhi nekutakura mafuta, zvine michina iri nyore, vashoma vanoshanda, mashoma ebetsero simba, hupenyu hurefu hwebasa remidziyo uye kuderera kwekushanda nekugadzirisa mari.Naizvozvo, mutengo wekugadzira magetsi wehydropower station wakadzikira, unongori 1/5-1/8 chete weiyo yemagetsi ekupisa, uye chiyero chekushandiswa kwesimba rehydropower station yakakwira, inosvika kupfuura 85%, ukuwo marasha. -fired thermal energy kunyatsoshanda kweiyo thermal power station inongova 40%.
Kuipa kwesimba remagetsi kunosanganisira kunyanya kukanganiswa nemamiriro ekunze, kuganhurirwa nemamiriro enzvimbo, kudyara kukuru mukutanga uye kukanganisa nharaunda.
Hydropower inokanganiswa zvakanyanya nekunaya.Kungave kuri mumwaka wakaoma nemwaka wemvura chinhu chakakosha chinotaridzirwa pakutenga marasha kwemagetsi emagetsi emagetsi.Kugadzirwa kweHydropower kwakagadzikana zvichienderana negore uye purovhinzi, asi zvinoenderana ne "zuva" painotsanangurwa kumwedzi, kota uye dunhu.Haikwanise kupa simba rakagadzikana uye rakavimbika sesimba rinopisa.
Pane misiyano mikuru pakati peMaodzanyemba nekuchamhembe mumwaka wekunaya kwemvura uye mwaka wekuoma.Nekudaro, maererano nehuwandu hwekugadzirwa kwemagetsi emagetsi mumwedzi wega wega kubva 2013 kusvika 2021, pazere, mwaka wemvura weChina ungangoita muna Chikumi kusvika Gumiguru uye mwaka wekuoma ungangoita Zvita kusvika Kukadzi.Musiyano uripo pakati pezviviri izvi unogona kuva wakapetwa kaviri.Panguva imwecheteyo, tinogonawo kuona kuti pasi pemamiriro ekuwedzera akaiswa simba, simba rekugadzira kubva munaJanuary kusvika munaMarch gore rino rakaderera zvikuru kupfuura iro mumakore apfuura, uye kugadzirwa kwemagetsi muna March kwakatoenzana neiyo muna 2015. Izvi zvakakwana kuti tione "kusagadzikana" kwehydropower.
Yakaganhurirwa nemamiriro ezvinhu.Zviteshi zvemagetsi emvura hazvigone kuvakwa pane mvura.Kuvakwa kwechiteshi chemagetsi emvura kunoganhurirwa nejeology, kudonha, kuyerera kwehuwandu, kutamiswa kwevagari uye kunyange kupatsanurwa kwekutonga.Semuyenzaniso, chirongwa chekuchengetedza mvura cheHeishan Gorge chakataurwa kuNational People's Congress muna 1956 hachisati chapasa nekuda kwekusawirirana zvakanaka kwezvido pakati peGansu neNingxia.Kusvika zvabuda zvakare muchirongwa chezvikamu zviviri izvi gore rino, hazvisati zvazivikanwa kuti kuvaka kunotanga riini.
Mari inodiwa pakugadzira magetsi emvura yakakura.Ivhu rematombo nekongiri mabasa ekuvaka zviteshi zvemagetsi emagetsi makuru, uye mari yekugara patsva inofanirwa kubhadharwa;Uyezve, kudyara kwekutanga hakungoratidzwi mumari, asiwo munguva.Nekuda kwekugariswa patsva uye kurongeka kwemadhipatimendi akasiyana, kutenderera kwekuvaka kwezviteshi zvemagetsi mazhinji kuchanonoka kupfuura zvakarongwa.
Tichitora Baihetan Hydropower Station iri kuvakwa semuenzaniso, chirongwa chakatangwa muna 1958 uye chakabatanidzwa mu "chirongwa chemakore mashanu echitatu" muna 1965. Zvisinei, mushure mekutenderera kwakawanda, haina kutanga pamutemo kusvika muna August 2011. Kusvika ikozvino, Baihetan Hydropower Station haisati yapera.Kunze kwekutanga dhizaini uye kuronga, kutenderera chaiko kwekuvaka kunotora angangoita makore gumi.
Madhamu makuru anokonzera kunyura kwakakura munzvimbo dzepamusoro dzedhamu, dzimwe nguva kukuvadza nzvimbo dzakaderera, mipata yenzizi, masango nemafuro.Panguva imwecheteyo, ichakanganisawo ecosystem yemvura yakatenderedza chirimwa.Ine simba guru pahove, shiri dzemumvura nedzimwe mhuka.
03 ikozvino mamiriro ekugadzirwa kwehydropower muChina
Mumakore achangopfuura, kugadzirwa kwehydropower kwakaramba kuchikura, asi mwero wekukura mumakore mashanu apfuura wakaderera
Muna 2020, simba rekugadzira hydropower i1355.21 bhiriyoni kwh, nekuwedzera kwegore negore kwe3.9%.Zvakadaro, mukati menguva yechigumi nenhatu yeChirongwa cheMakore Mashanu, simba remhepo neOptoelectronics zvakasimukira nekukurumidza mukati menguva yePurogiramu yeMakore Mashanu yegumi nenhatu, zvichipfuura zvinangwa zvekuronga, ukuwo simba remvura rakapedza hafu yezvinangwa zvekuronga.Kwemakore makumi maviri adarika, chikamu chemagetsi emagetsi mumagetsi ese chave chakagadzikana, chakachengetedzwa pa14% - 19%.
Kubva pakukura kwekukura kwemagetsi ekuChina, zvinoonekwa kuti kukura kwegetsi remvura kwakadzikira mumakore mashanu achangopfuura, achichengetwa anosvika 5%.
Ndinofunga kuti zvikonzero zvekuderera ndezvekuti, kune rumwe rutivi, kuvharwa kwemagetsi maduku emvura, iyo inonyatsotaurwa muchirongwa che13 chemakore mashanu kuchengetedza nekugadzirisa nharaunda yezvakatipoteredza.Kune 4705 zviteshi zvidiki zvemagetsi zvinoda kugadziriswa nekubviswa muSichuan Province chete;
Nekune rimwe divi, zviwanikwa zvekuChina zvakakura zvekuvandudza magetsi emvura hazvina kukwana.China yakavaka zviteshi zvemagetsi akawanda emagetsi akadai seMatatu Gorges, Gezhouba, Wudongde, Xiangjiaba neBaihetan.Zviwanikwa zvekuvaka patsva zviteshi zvemagetsi makuru emvura zvinogona kungove "kukona kukuru" kweRwizi rweYarlung Zangbo.Nekudaro, nekuti dunhu rinosanganisira chimiro che geological, kudzora kwezvakatipoteredza kwezvisikwa zvekuchengetedza uye hukama nenyika dzakatenderedza, zvave zvakaoma kugadzirisa kare.
Panguva imwecheteyo, inogonawo kuonekwa kubva pakukura kwekukura kwemagetsi mumakore makumi maviri achangopfuura kuti kukura kwesimba rinopisa rinonyatsoenderana nekukura kwehuwandu hwekugadzirwa kwemagetsi, asi kukura kwesimba remvura hakunei kune chiyero chekukura kwesimba rose rekugadzira, kuratidza mamiriro e "kukwira mamwe makore ese".Kunyangwe paine zvikonzero zvechikamu chepamusoro chesimba rekupisa, inoratidzawo kusagadzikana kwehydropower kune imwe nhanho.
Mukuita kudzikisa chikamu chesimba rekupisa, hydropower haina kuita basa rakakura.Kunyange zvazvo ichikura nokukurumidza, inokwanisa chete kuchengetedza chikamu chayo mukugadzirwa kwemagetsi pasi pekuwedzera kukuru kwekugadzirwa kwemagetsi enyika.Kuderedzwa kwechikamu chesimba rekupisa kunonyanya kukonzerwa nemamwe magetsi akachena, akadai semhepo yemhepo, photovoltaic, gasi rechisikigo, simba renyukireya nezvimwe zvakadaro.
Kunyanya kuwanda kwezviwanikwa zvehydropower
Kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura kumatunhu eSichuan neYunnan kunotora chikamu chinosvika hafu yekugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura munyika, uye dambudziko rinozoitika nderekuti nzvimbo dzakapfuma mumagetsi emvura dzingatadza kutora kugadzirwa kwemagetsi emvura, zvichikonzera kutambisa simba.Zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu zvemvura yakaraswa nemagetsi mumigero mikuru yenzizi muChina zvinobva kuSichuan Province, kusvika ku20.2 bhiriyoni kwh, nepo inopfuura hafu yemagetsi emarara mudunhu reSichuan anobva kurwizi rukuru rweDadu River.
Pasi rose, simba remvura reChina rakakura nekukurumidza mumakore gumi apfuura.China yave kuda kufambisa kukura kwepasi rose hydropower nesimba rayo.Vanoda kusvika makumi masere muzana ekukura kwekushandiswa kwemagetsi epasi rose kunobva kuChina, uye kushandiswa kwemagetsi kuChina kunodarika makumi matatu muzana ekushandiswa kwemagetsi epasi rose.
Zvisineyi, chikamu chekushandiswa kwemagetsi makuru akadai emagetsi ekutanga muChina chinongokwira zvishoma pane avhareji yepasirese, isingasviki 8% muna 2019. Kunyange zvikasaenzaniswa nenyika dzakabudirira dzakaita seCanada neNorway, chikamu chekushandiswa kwemagetsi emvura yakaderera zvikuru kupfuura iyo yeBrazil, iriwo nyika ichiri kusimukira.China ine 680 miriyoni kilowatts yehydropower zviwanikwa, iri yekutanga pasirese.Pakazosvika 2020, simba rakaiswa rehydropower rinenge rave 370 miriyoni kilowatts.Kubva pamaonero aya, indasitiri yemagetsi yemvura yeChina ichine nzvimbo huru yekusimudzira.
04 ramangwana rekusimudzira maitiro ehydropower muChina
Hydropower ichawedzera kukura kwayo mumakore mashoma anotevera uye icharamba ichiwedzera muchikamu chemagetsi akazara.
Kune rimwe divi, panguva yegumi nemana yeChirongwa cheMakore mashanu, anopfuura mamirioni makumi mashanu kilowatts emagetsi emvura anogona kuiswa mukushanda muChina, kusanganisira Wudongde, Baihetan Hydropower Stations yeboka reThree Gorges uye nzvimbo dzepakati dzeYalong River hydropower station.Zvakare, chirongwa chekuvandudza simba remvura munzvimbo dzakaderera dzeRwizi rweYarlung Zangbo chakaverengerwa muchirongwa chemakore mashanu, paine 70 miriyoni kilowatts ezviwanikwa zvinogoneka, izvo zvakaenzana neanopfuura matatu matatu maGorges hydropower zviteshi, zvinoreva kuti simba remvura. yakaunza kukura kukuru zvakare;
Kune rimwe divi, kuderedzwa kwesimba rekupisa kwesimba kuri pachena kunofungidzirwa.Zvingave kubva pakuona kwekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza, kuchengetedzwa kwesimba uye kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji, simba rekupisa richaramba richideredza kukosha kwayo mumunda wemagetsi.
Mumakore mashoma anotevera, kukurumidza kwekukurumidza kwesimba remvura haikwanise kuenzaniswa neiyo yesimba idzva.Kunyangwe muchikamu chesimba rose rekugadzira, inogona kutorwa nevanonoka kwesimba idzva.Kana nguva yacho yakawedzerwa, zvinogona kutaurwa kuti ichatorwa nesimba idzva.
Nguva yekutumira: Kubvumbi-12-2022
