Ehlabathini lonke, amaziko ombane avelisa umbane omalunga nama-24 ekhulwini yaye anika abantu abangaphezu kwebhiliyoni umbane.Amaziko ombane ehlabathi avelisa amandla eemegawathi ezidityanisiweyo angama-675,000, amandla alingana ne-3.6 yeebhiliyoni zemiphanda yeoli, ngokutsho kweLebhu yeSizwe yaMandla aVuselelekayo.Kukho ngaphezu kwe-2,000 yemizi-mveliso yoveliso lwamanzi esebenza e-United States, okwenza umbane owenziwe ngamanzi ube ngowona mthombo wamandla ahlaziyekayo welizwe.
Kweli nqaku, siza kujonga indlela ukuwa kwamanzi awadala ngayo amandla kwaye sifunde malunga nomjikelo we-hydrologic odala ukuhamba kwamanzi kubalulekile kumbane owenziwe ngamanzi.Uya kufumana nofifi kwisicelo esinye esikhethekileyo sombane esinokuchaphazela ubomi bakho bemihla ngemihla.
Xa ubukele umlambo uqengqeleka, kuba nzima ukuba nomfanekiso-ngqondweni wamandla onawo.Ukuba uke waba yi-rafting yamanzi amhlophe, ngoko uye waziva inxalenye encinci yamandla omlambo.I-Rapids yamanzi amhlophe idalwe njengomlambo, ethwele umthamo omkhulu wamanzi ezantsi, i-bottlenecks ngokusebenzisa indlela emxinwa.Njengoko umlambo unyanzeliswa kulo mngxuma, ukuhamba kwawo kuyakhawuleza.Izikhukula ngomnye umzekelo wokuba angakanani amandla anokuba nawo umthamo omkhulu wamanzi.
Amaziko ombane ombane asebenzisa amandla amanzi kwaye asebenzise oomatshini abalula ukuguqula loo mandla abe ngumbane.Izityalo zombane nge-Hydropower zisekwe kumbono olula - amanzi aqukuqela edameni ajika i-injini yomoya, ejika ijenereyitha.
Nanga amacandelo asisiseko somzi-mveliso wombane oqhelekileyo:
Idama – Uninzi lwemizi-mveliso yombane oveliswa ngamanzi luxhomekeke kwidama elibamba amanzi, lidala idama elikhulu.Rhoqo, eli dama lisetyenziswa njengechibi lokuzonwabisa, njengeLake Roosevelt kwiDama laseGrand Coulee eWashington State.
Ukungenisa – Amasango edama avulekileyo kwaye ubunzima butsala amanzi ngepenstock, umbhobho okhokelela kwi-injini yomoya.Amanzi anyusa uxinzelelo njengoko equkuqela kulo mbhobho.
I-turbine - Amanzi abetha kwaye ajike amaqabunga amakhulu e-turbine, efakwe kwijeneretha ngaphezu kwayo ngendlela ye-shaft.Olona hlobo luxhaphakileyo lweiturbine yezityalo zombane yiFrancis Turbine, ekhangeleka ngathi yidiski enkulu enamacangca agobileyo.I-iturbine inobunzima obumalunga neetoni ezili-172 kwaye ijike ngesantya se-90 revolutions ngomzuzu (rpm), ngokutsho kweSiseko seMfundo yaManzi naMandla (FWEE).
Iijenereyitha – Njengoko iiblade zeinjini yomoya zijika, yenza uthotho lweemagnethi ngaphakathi kwijenereyitha.Iimagnethi ezinkulu zijikeleza iikhoyili zobhedu ezidlulileyo, zivelisa alternating current (AC) ngokushukuma kweeelectron.(Uya kufunda ngakumbi malunga nendlela ijenereyitha esebenza ngayo kamva.)
I-Transformer - I-transformer ngaphakathi kwindlu yamandla ithatha i-AC kwaye iyiguqulele kwi-high-voltage current.
Iintambo zombane – Kuwo wonke umzi-mveliso wamandla kuvela iingcingo ezine: izigaba ezithathu zamandla ziveliswa ngaxeshanye kunye nokungathathi hlangothi okanye umhlaba oqhelekileyo kuzo zontathu.(Funda indlela iiGridi zoSasazo lwaMandla aSebenza ngayo ukuze ufunde ngakumbi malunga nokuhanjiswa kweentambo zombane.)
Ukuphuma kwamanzi – Amanzi asetyenzisiweyo athwalwa ngemibhobho, ebizwa ngokuba zii-tailraces, aze aphinde angene emlanjeni ongezantsi.
Amanzi akwidama athathwa njengamandla agciniweyo.Xa amasango evuleka, amanzi aqukuqela kwi-penstock abe namandla e-kinetic kuba ahamba.Umthamo wombane owenziweyo umiselwa zizinto ezininzi.Ezimbini zezo zinto ngumthamo wokuhamba kwamanzi kunye nomthamo wentloko ye-hydraulic.Intloko ibhekisa kumgama ophakathi komphezulu wamanzi kunye nee turbines.Njengoko intloko kunye nokuhamba kwanda, ngokunjalo nombane owenziweyo.Intloko ikholisa ukuxhomekeka kubungakanani bamanzi akwidama.
Kukho olunye uhlobo lomzi-mveliso woveliso lwamanzi, olubizwa ngokuba sisiziko sokumpontshwa.Kumzi-mveliso oqhelekileyo woveliso lwamanzi, amanzi asuka kwidama aqukuqela kwiplanti, aphume aze athwalwe ezantsi ngomsinga.Iplanti yogcino olumpompelweyo ineziqulatho ezimbini:
Uvimba wombane ongaphezulu – Njengesixhobo sombane esiqhelekileyo samanzi, idama lenza indawo yokugcina amanzi.Amanzi akweli dama aqukuqela kwiziko lokuvelisa umbane ukuze enze umbane.
Idama elisezantsi – Amanzi aphuma kumzi-mveliso woveliso lombane aqukuqela ukuya kwidama elisezantsi kunokuba aphinde angene emlanjeni aze aqukuqele ezantsi.
Ngokusebenzisa i-iturbine ebuyiselwa umva, isityalo sinokumpompa amanzi abuyele kwidama eliphezulu.Oku kwenziwa ngeeyure ezingasebenziyo.Ngokusisiseko, i-reservoir yesibini iphinda igcwalise i-reservoir ephezulu.Ngokumpompa amanzi ukubuyisela kwidama eliphezulu, umzi-mveliso unamanzi amaninzi okuvelisa umbane ngamaxesha okusetyenziswa kakhulu.
Ijenereyitha
Intliziyo yomzi-mveliso wamandla ombane ngujenereyitha.Uninzi lwezityalo zombane zineqela lezi generator.
Ijenereyitha, njengoko ubunokuthelekelela, ivelisa umbane.Inkqubo esisiseko yokuvelisa umbane ngolu hlobo kukujikelezisa uthotho lweemagnethi ngaphakathi kweekhoyili zocingo.Le nkqubo ihambisa ii-electron, ezivelisa umsinga wombane.
IDama iHoover ineejenereyitha ezili-17 zizonke, nganye kuzo inokuvelisa ukuya kutsho kwi-133 yeemegawathi.Umthamo uwonke womzi-mveliso wamanzi waseHoover Dam ngama-2,074 eemegawathi.Ijenereyitha nganye yenziwe ngamalungu athile asisiseko:
Umphini
Excitor
Rotor
Stator
Njengoko i-turbine ijika, i-excitor ithumela umbane wombane kwi-rotor.I-rotor luluhlu lwee-electromagnets ezinkulu ezijikeleza ngaphakathi kwekhoyili enenxeba eliqinileyo yocingo lobhedu, ebizwa ngokuba yi-stator.Intsimi yamagnetic phakathi kwekhoyili kunye nemagnethi idala umsinga wombane.
Kwidama leHoover, i-current ye-16,500 amps isuka kwi-generator ukuya kwi-transformer, apho i-ramps yangoku ifikelela kwi-230,000 amps ngaphambi kokuba ihanjiswe.
Izityalo zombane zithatha ithuba lenkqubo eyenzeka ngokwemvelo, eqhubekayo - inkqubo ebangela ukuba kune imvula kunye nemilambo ukunyuka.Yonke imihla, iplanethi yethu ilahlekelwa ngumlinganiselo omncinci wamanzi emoyeni njengoko imitha ye-ultraviolet iphula iimolekyuli zamanzi.Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, amanzi amatsha akhutshwa kumbindi woMhlaba ngenxa yentaba-mlilo.Ubungakanani bamanzi adaliweyo kunye nomthamo wamanzi alahlekileyo malunga nokulingana.
Ngalo naliphi na ixesha, umthamo wamanzi uwonke ehlabathini ukwiindlela ezininzi ezahlukahlukeneyo.Inokuba lulwelo, njengaselwandle, emilanjeni nasemvula;iqinile, njengakwimikhenkce;okanye igesi, njengoko kumphunga wamanzi ongabonakaliyo osemoyeni.Amanzi atshintsha iimeko njengoko ejikeleza iplanethi yimisinga yomoya.Imisinga yomoya yenziwa ngumsebenzi wokufudumeza kwelanga.Imijikelo yomoya wenziwa lilanga elikhanya ngakumbi kwi-ikhweyitha kunakweminye imimandla yesijikelezi-langa.
Imijikelo yangoku yomoya iqhuba ubonelelo lwamanzi eMhlabeni ngomjikelo wawo, obizwa ngokuba ngumjikelo we-hydrologic.Njengoko ilanga lifudumeza amanzi alulwelo, amanzi aba ngumphunga emoyeni.Ilanga lifudumeza umoya, nto leyo ebangela ukuba umoya unyuke emoyeni.Umoya ubanda ngakumbi xa unyuka, ngoko njengoko umphunga wamanzi unyuka, uyaphola, ujiye ube ngamathontsi.Xa amathontsi aneleyo eqokelelana kwindawo enye, amathontsi anokuba nzima ngokwaneleyo ukuba abuyele eMhlabeni njengemvula.
Umjikelo we-hydrologic ubalulekile kwizityalo zombane ngenxa yokuba zixhomekeke ekuhambeni kwamanzi.Ukuba kukho ukunqongophala kwemvula kufutshane nesityalo, amanzi akayi kuqokelelwa phezulu.Ngaphandle komjelo oqokelela amanzi, mancinci amanzi ahamba kwiplanti yokuvelisa umbane kunye nombane omncinci wenziwayo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jul-07-2021
