Sele iyiminyaka eli-111 ukusukela oko iTshayina yaqala ukwakhiwa kwesikhululo sombane i-shilongba, isikhululo sombane sokuqala ngo-1910. Kule minyaka ingaphezulu kwe-100, ishishini lamanzi nombane laseTshayina lenze iimpumelelo ezimangalisayo ukusuka kwisikhululo sombane i-shilongba hydropower esifakiweyo kuphela esingama-480kw ukuya kuma-370 ezigidi. KW, ekwinqanaba lokuqala kwihlabathi.Sikwishishini lamalahle, kwaye siza kuva ezinye iindaba malunga nombane owenziwe ngamanzi, kodwa akukho nto siyaziyo malunga neshishini lombane owenziwe ngamanzi.
Namhlanje, makhe siqonde ngokufutshane amandla ombane avela kwimithetho-siseko kunye neempawu zombane wamanzi kunye nemeko yangoku kunye nentsingiselo yophuhliso lombane oqhutywa ngamanzi e-China.
01 umthetho-siseko wokuvelisa amandla ombane wamanzi
Enyanisweni, umbane owenziwe ngamanzi yinkqubo yokuguqula amandla anokubakho emanzini abe ngamandla oomatshini, emva koko ukusuka kumandla omatshini ukuya kumandla ombane.Ngokuqhelekileyo, kukusebenzisa amanzi omlambo aqukuqelayo ukuguqula i-motor ukwenza umbane, kwaye amandla aqulethwe emlanjeni okanye icandelo lesitya sawo sixhomekeke kumthamo wamanzi kunye nokuhla.
Umthamo wamanzi omlambo ulawulwa ngumntu osemthethweni, kwaye ukuhla kulungile.Ke ngoko, xa kusakhiwa izikhululo zombane, ukwakhiwa kwamadama kunye nokuphambukiswa kunokukhethwa ukuze kugxininise ukwehla, ukuze kuphuculwe izinga lokusetyenziswa kobutyebi bamanzi.
Ukwenza idama kukwakha idama kwindawo ekufikelelwa kuyo ngethontsi elikhulu, kusekwe indawo yokugcina amanzi kunye nokunyusa umgangatho wamanzi, njengeSikhululo soMbane woMbane weeGodi ezintathu;Uphambuko lubhekiselele ekuphambukeni kwamanzi ukusuka kwidama elinyukayo ukuya kumazantsi omlambo ngomjelo woluleko, njengesikhululo sombane i-Jinping II.
Iimpawu ze-02 zombane wamanzi
Iingenelo zombane we-hydropower ikakhulu zibandakanya ukukhuselwa kwendalo kunye nokuvuselelwa, ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu kunye nokuguquguquka, ixabiso eliphantsi lokugcinwa njalo njalo.
Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nokuhlaziywa kufuneka kube yeyona nto iluncedo yombane wamanzi.I-Hydropower isebenzisa kuphela amandla asemanzini, ayisebenzisi manzi, kwaye ayisayi kubangela ungcoliseko.
Iseti yejenereyitha ye-injini yamanzi, izixhobo ezingundoqo zamandla ombane we-hydropower, ayisebenzi nje kuphela, kodwa iyakwazi ukuguquguquka ukuqala nokusebenza.Inokuqala ngokukhawuleza ukusebenza ukusuka kwimeko emileyo kwimizuzu embalwa kwaye igqibezele ukunyuka komthwalo kunye nokunciphisa umsebenzi kwimizuzwana embalwa.Amandla ombane angasetyenziselwa ukwenza imisebenzi yokutsheva okuphezulu, ukumodareyitha rhoqo, ukulinda umthwalo kunye nokulinda ngengozi kwenkqubo yamandla.
Imveliso ye-Hydropower ayisebenzisi amafutha, ayifuni inani elikhulu labasebenzi kunye nezibonelelo ezityalwe kwimigodi kunye nokuthutha amafutha, zinezixhobo ezilula, abaqhubi abambalwa, amandla ancedisayo angaphantsi, ubomi benkonzo yexesha elide kunye neendleko eziphantsi zokusebenza kunye nokugcinwa, ngoko ke amandla ixabiso lokuvelisa isikhululo sombane wamanzi liphantsi, kuphela i-1 / 5-1 / 8 yeso sikhululo samandla ashushu, kwaye izinga lokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwisikhululo sombane wamanzi liphezulu, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-85%, ukusebenza kakuhle kwe-thermal yezityalo zombane ezibaswa ngamalahle. kuphela malunga nama-40%.
Izinto ezingeloncedo zombane oqhutywa ngamanzi ikakhulu zibandakanya impembelelo enkulu yemozulu, elinganiselwe ziimeko zejografi, utyalo-mali olukhulu kwisigaba sakwangoko kunye nomonakalo kwimo engqongileyo yendalo.
I-Hydropower ichatshazelwa kakhulu yimvula.Nokuba kukwixesha lonyaka elomileyo nakwixesha leemvula yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekubhekiselelwe kuyo ekufumaneni amalahle ombane kwimizi-mveliso yamandla ashushu.Ukuveliswa kombane nge-Hydropower kuzinzile ngokonyaka nangephondo, kodwa kuxhomekeke “kwimini” xa ichazwa ngokweenkcukacha kwinyanga, ikota kunye nommandla.Ayinakubonelela ngamandla azinzileyo kwaye anokwethenjelwa njengamandla obushushu.
Kukho iiyantlukwano ezinkulu phakathi koMzantsi nasemantla kwixesha lemvula kunye nexesha elomileyo.Nangona kunjalo, ngokweenkcukacha-manani zokuveliswa kombane kwinyanga nganye ukusuka ku-2013 ukuya ku-2021, xa lilonke, ixesha lemvula laseTshayina limalunga noJuni ukuya ku-Oktobha kwaye ixesha elomileyo limalunga noDisemba ukuya kuFebruwari.Umahluko kwimveliso yamandla phakathi kwezi zimbini unokuphinda kabini.Kwangaxeshanye, singabona kwakhona ukuba phantsi kwemvelaphi yokwandisa umthamo ofakiweyo, ukuveliswa kwamandla ukusuka ngoJanuwari ukuya kuMatshi kulo nyaka kuphantsi kakhulu kunoko kwiminyaka edlulileyo, kwaye ukuveliswa kwamandla ngoMatshi kufana nokulingana no-2015. Oku kwanele ukusivumela ukuba sibone "ukungazinzi" kwamandla ombane.
Ukuveliswa kombane kwinyanga nganye ukusuka ku-2013 ukuya ku-2021 (i-100 yezigidi kwi-kwh)
Unyinwe yimeko yenjongo.Izikhululo zombane wamanzi azinakwakhiwa apho kukho amanzi.IJoloji, ukwehla, isantya sokuhamba, ukufuduswa kwabahlali kunye necandelo lolawulo zonke zithintele ukwakhiwa kwesikhululo sombane.Umzekelo, iprojekthi yogcino lwamanzi ye-Heishan Gorge ekhankanywe kwiNkongolo yeSizwe yaBantu ngo-1956 ayizange ipasiswe ngenxa yolungelelaniso olubi lwemidla phakathi kweGansu neNingxia.Kuze kube kulo nyaka, kwavela kwakhona kwisiphakamiso seeseshoni ezimbini, Xa ukwakhiwa kunokuqalisa akwaziwa.
Utyalo-mali olufunekayo kumbane owenziwe ngamanzi mkhulu.Imisebenzi yolwakhiwo lwezikhululo zombane wamanzi mikhulu, kwaye iindleko ezinkulu zokuhlaliswa ngokutsha kufuneka zihlawulwe;Ngaphezu koko, utyalo-mali lwangaphambili alubonakali nje kwinkunzi, kodwa nangexesha.Ngenxa yesidingo sokuhlaliswa ngokutsha kunye nolungelelwaniso lwamasebe ahlukeneyo, umjikelo wolwakhiwo lwezikhululo zombane ezininzi eziveliswa ngamanzi uya kulibaziseka kakhulu kunokuba bekucwangcisiwe.
Sithatha iBaihetan Hydropower Station esakhiwayo njengomzekelo, iprojekthi yaqalwa ngo-1958 yaza yabandakanywa “kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu” ngowe-1965. Isitishi soMbane we-Baihetan asikagqitywa.Ngaphandle kokucwangciswa koyilo lokuqala, umjikelo wokwakha wangempela uya kuthatha ubuncinane iminyaka eyi-10.
Amadama amakhulu abangela ukhukuliseko olukhulu kwiindawo eziphezulu zedama, maxa wambi zonakalisa iindawo ezisezantsi, iintlambo zemilambo, amahlathi kunye nengca.Kwangaxeshanye, iyakuchaphazela i-ecosystem yasemanzini ejikeleze isityalo.Inempembelelo enkulu kwiintlanzi, iintaka zamanzi kunye nezinye izilwanyana.
03 imeko yangoku yophuhliso lombane wamanzi eTshayina
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukuveliswa kombane wamanzi kugcine ukukhula, kodwa izinga lokukhula kwiminyaka emihlanu yakutshanje liphantsi
Ngo-2020, amandla okuvelisa amandla ombane aya kuba yi-1355.21 yeebhiliyoni ze-kwh, ngokunyuka konyaka-ngonyaka nge-3.9%.Nangona kunjalo, kwisithuba seSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu se-13, amandla omoya kunye ne-Optoelectronics ziphuhliswe ngokukhawuleza kwisithuba seSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu ye-13, ukudlula iinjongo zokucwangcisa, ngelixa umbane owenziwe ngamanzi ugqibe malunga nesiqingatha seenjongo zokucwangcisa.Kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo, umlinganiselo wombane kumandla ombane xa uwonke ubuzinzile ngokwentelekiso, ugcinwe kwi-14% ukuya kwi-19%.
Ukusuka kwisantya sokukhula kokuveliswa kombane eTshayina, kunokubonwa ukuba isantya sokukhula kombane ophehlwa ngamanzi sehlile kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo, igcinwe imalunga ne-5%.
Ndicinga ukuba izizathu zokunciphisa, ngakwesinye icala, ukuvalwa kombane omncinci we-hydropower, okhankanywe ngokucacileyo kwi-13 yeminyaka emihlanu yesicwangciso sokukhusela nokulungisa imeko yendalo.Kukho izikhululo zombane ezincinci ezingama-4705 ezifuna ukulungiswa kwaye zirhoxiswe kwiPhondo laseSichuan kuphela;
Kwelinye icala, i-China imfutshane kwimithombo emikhulu yophuhliso lombane wamanzi.I-China yakhe izikhululo zombane ezininzi ngamanzi ezifana neMiwonyo emithathu, iGezhouba, iWudongde, iXiangjiaba kunye neBaihetan.Izibonelelo zokwakhiwa ngokutsha kwezikhululo zombane ezikhulu zamanzi zisenokuba kuphela “igophe elikhulu” loMlambo iYarlung Zangbo.Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba ummandla ubandakanya ubume bejoloji, ulawulo lokusingqongileyo lweendawo zolondolozo lwendalo kunye nobudlelwane namazwe ajikelezileyo, bekunzima ukusombulula ngaphambili.
Kwangaxeshanye, kunokubonwa kwisantya sokukhula kokuveliswa kwamandla kule minyaka ingama-20 yakutsha nje ukuba isantya sokukhula samandla ashushu sidityaniswa ngokusisiseko nesantya sokukhula kokuveliswa kwamandla ewonke, ngelixa izinga lokukhula kwamandla ombane lingenamsebenzi. izinga lokukhula kokuveliswa kwamandla ewonke, ebonisa imeko "yokunyuka rhoqo emva konyaka".Nangona kukho izizathu zomlinganiselo ophezulu wamandla ashushu, ikwabonakalisa ukungazinzi kombane owenziwe ngamanzi ukuya kumlinganiselo othile.
Ukukhula kokuveliswa kwamandla
Ngokubhekiselele kumlinganiselo wokuveliswa kwamandla, singabona kwakhona ukuba nangona ishishini lombane wamanzi liye lakhula ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo, kwaye ukuveliswa kombane ngo-2020 kuphindwe kahlanu ukuba ngo-2001, umlinganiselo wokuvelisa umbane uphelele awukatshintshi. ngokubalulekileyo.
Kwinkqubo yokunciphisa umyinge wamandla ashushu, umbane owenziwe ngamanzi awudlalanga indima enkulu.Nangona ikhula ngokukhawuleza, inokugcina kuphela umlinganiselo wayo kumandla ombane ewonke phantsi kwemvelaphi yokwanda okukhulu kokuveliswa kwamandla esizwe.Ukuncitshiswa komyinge wamandla ashushu kubangelwa ikakhulu kweminye imithombo yamandla acocekileyo, njengamandla omoya, i-photovoltaic, igesi yendalo, amandla enyukliya, njl.
Ugxininiso olugqithisileyo lwemithombo yombane wamanzi
Uveliso lombane lulonke lwamaphondo aseSichuan naseYunnan luthatha phantse isiqingatha soveliso lombane ophehlwa ngamanzi esizwe, kwaye ingxaki ebangelwa kukuba iindawo ezityebileyo ngemithombo yombane oveliswa ngamanzi zisenokungakwazi ukufunxa ukuveliswa kombane wasekhaya, okukhokelela kwinkcitho yamandla.Isibini esithathwini samanzi amdaka kunye nombane kwimithombo emikhulu yemilambo e-China ivela kwiPhondo laseSichuan, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20.2 yeebhiliyoni ze-kwh, kwaye ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sombane ongcolileyo kwiphondo laseSichuan uvela kumlambo omkhulu weDadu River.
Ehlabathini lonke, amandla ombane aseTshayina aphuhliswe ngokukhawuleza kule minyaka ili-10 idlulileyo.I-China iphantse yaqhuba ukukhula kombane wamanzi wehlabathi.Phantse i-80% yokukhula kokusetyenziswa kombane wamanzi kwihlabathi liphela ivela e-China, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kombane wase-China kubalela ngaphezulu kwe-30% yokusetyenziswa kombane ovela emanzini kwihlabathi liphela.
Nangona kunjalo, ubungakanani bokusetyenziswa kombane omkhulu wamanzi kusetyenziso lwamandla ombane oluphambili eTshayina luphezulu kancinane kunomndilili wehlabathi, ngaphantsi kwe-8% ngo-2019. Ukusetyenziswa kuphantsi kakhulu kunokweBrazil, ilizwe elisakhulayo.I-China ine-680 yezigidi zeekilowatts zemithombo yombane wamanzi, ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi.Ngo-2020, umthamo ofakiweyo wombane wamanzi uya kuba yi-370 yezigidi zeekilowatts.Ngokwale mbono, ishishini lombane laseTshayina lisenendawo enkulu yophuhliso.
04 indlela yophuhliso lwexesha elizayo lombane wamanzi eTshayina
Amandla ombane azakukhawulezisa ukukhula kwawo kule minyaka imbalwa izayo kwaye aya kuqhubeka esanda kwinxalenye yokuveliswa kwamandla ewonke.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngexesha le-14 leminyaka yeSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu, ngaphezu kwe-50 yezigidi ze-kilowatts zombane wamanzi unokufakwa ekusebenzeni e-China, kubandakanywa i-Wudongde kunye ne-Baihetan Hydropower Stations yeqela le-Three Gorges kunye nokufikelela okuphakathi kwesikhululo sombane waseYalong River.Ngaphezu koko, iprojekthi yophuhliso lombane wamanzi kwiindawo ezisezantsi zoMlambo i-Yarlung Zangbo zibandakanyiwe kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu ye-14, kunye ne-70 yezigidi zeekilowatts zezixhobo ezinokusetyenziswa ngobuchule, ezilingana nezikhululo zombane ezingaphezu kwezintathu ze-Gorges ezintathu, oku kuthetha ukuba umbane wamanzi. iya kuzisa uphuhliso olukhulu kwakhona;
Kwelinye icala, ukuncitshiswa komlinganiselo wamandla obushushu kuqikelelwa ngokucacileyo.Kungakhathaliseki ukuba kumbono wokukhuselwa kwendalo, ukhuseleko lwamandla kunye nophuhliso lwezobuchwepheshe, amandla okushisa aya kuqhubeka nokunciphisa ukubaluleka kwawo kwintsimi yamandla.
Kule minyaka imbalwa izayo, isantya sophuhliso lwamandla ombane asinako ukuthelekiswa neso samandla amatsha.Nakumyinge wamandla ombane ewonke, anokuthi abekwe kuluhlu ngabafika kade kumandla amatsha.Ukuba ixesha lide, kunokuthiwa kuya kuthatyathwa ngamandla amatsha.
U-Liu Shiyu, umlawuli wesebe lokucwangcisa i-General Electric Power Planning Institute, uqikelela ukuba ngexesha le-14 leminyaka ye-Five Year Plan, ukufakwa kwamandla amatsha e-China kuya kudlula i-800 yezigidi ze-KW, i-29%;Uveliso lwamandla ngonyaka lufikelela kwi-1.5 yetriliyoni kwh, ukodlula umbane owenziwe ngamanzi.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jan-14-2022
