Imathiriyeli ehlanganisiweyo iyangenelela ekwakhiweni kwezixhobo kushishino lwamandla ombane oqhutywa ngamanzi.Uphando lwamandla ezinto eziphathekayo kunye nezinye iindlela zokugweba lutyhila izicelo ezininzi ngakumbi, ngakumbi kwiiyunithi ezincinci kunye ezincinci.
Eli nqaku liye lavavanywa kwaye lahlelwa ngokuhambelana nokuphononongwa okwenziwa ngabaqeqeshi ababini okanye ngaphezulu abanobuchule obufanelekileyo.Aba bahlalutyi boontanga bagweba imibhalo yesandla ngokuchaneka kobugcisa, ukusebenziseka, kunye nokubaluleka ngokubanzi kwishishini lombane wamanzi.
Ukunyuka kwezinto ezintsha kubonelela ngamathuba anomdla kwishishini lombane oqhutywa ngamanzi.Ukhuni - olusetyenziswe kwi-waterwheels yangaphambili kunye ne-penstocks - yatshintshwa ngokuyinxalenye ngamacandelo ensimbi ekuqaleni kwe-1800s.Insimbi igcina amandla ayo ngokulayishwa kokukhathala okuphezulu kwaye ixhathise ukukhukuliseka kwe-cavitation kunye nokubola.Iimpawu zayo ziqondwa kakuhle kwaye iinkqubo zokwenziwa kwecandelo ziphuhliswe kakuhle.Kwiiyunithi ezinkulu, intsimbi iya kuhlala iyimpahla yokukhetha.
Nangona kunjalo, xa kujongwe ukunyuka kwee-turbines ezincinci (ngaphantsi kwe-10 MW) ukuya kwi-micro-sized (ngaphantsi kwe-100 kW), i-composites ingasetyenziselwa ukonga ubunzima kunye nokunciphisa iindleko zokwenziwa kunye neempembelelo zokusingqongileyo.Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi xa kujongwa imfuneko eqhubekayo yokukhula kobonelelo lombane.Umthamo wamanzi ofakiweyo wehlabathi, uphantse ube ngama-800,000 MW ngokophando luka-2009 olwenziwa yiNorwegian Renewable Energy Partners, yi-10% kuphela yombane onokwenzeka ngokoqoqosho kunye ne-6% yombane onokwenzeka ngokobuchwepheshe.Ukubanakho ukuzisa ngaphezulu kwe-hydro enokwenzeka ngokobugcisa kummandla wokonyuka okunokwenzeka ngokwezoqoqosho kunye nekhono lamacandelo adibeneyo ukubonelela uqoqosho lwesikali.
Ukwenziwa kwecandelo elihlanganisiweyo
Ukwenza i-penstock ngokoqoqosho kunye namandla angaguqukiyo aphezulu, eyona ndlela ingcono kukujika kwefilament.I-mandrel enkulu isongelwe ngeetowusi zefiber eziye zaqhutywa kwibhafu yeresin.Iintambo zisongelwe kwi-hoop kunye neepatheni ze-helical ukudala amandla oxinzelelo lwangaphakathi, ukugoba kwe-longitudinal kunye nokuphatha.Eli candelo leziphumo lingezantsi libonisa ixabiso kunye nobunzima ngenyawo nganye kwiisayizi ezimbini ze-penstock, ngokusekelwe kwisicatshulwa esivela kubaboneleli bendawo.Isicatshulwa sibonise ukuba ubukhulu boyilo buqhutywe ngokufakela kunye neemfuno zokuphatha, kunokuba umthwalo ophantsi woxinzelelo, kwaye zombini wawuyi-2.28 cm.
Iindlela ezimbini zokuvelisa zaqwalaselwa kumasango e-wicket kunye neendawo zokuhlala;i-layup emanzi kunye ne-vacuum infusion.Ilaphu elimanzi lisebenzisa ilaphu elomileyo, elimiliselwa ngokugalela intlaka phezu kwelaphu kunye nokusebenzisa iirola ukutyhala intlaka kwilaphu.Le nkqubo ayicocekanga njenge-vacuum infusion kwaye ayisoloko ivelisa esona sakhiwo siphuculwe kakhulu ngokwe-fiber-to-resin ratio, kodwa ithatha ixesha elincinci kunenkqubo yokufakwa kwe-vacuum.Ivacuum infusion ibeka ifayibha eyomileyo kwiindlela ezichanekileyo, kwaye isitakhi esomileyo ke emva koko sivacuum bagged kwaye nezixhobo ezongezelelweyo zincanyathiselwe ezikhokelela kunikezelo lweresin, olutsalwa kwindawo xa ivacuum isetyenziswa.I-vacuum inceda ukugcina inani le-resin kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo kunye nokunciphisa ukukhululwa kwezinto eziphilayo eziguqukayo.
Ityala lokuskrola liya kusebenzisa ulwakhiwo lwesandla kwiziqingatha ezibini ezihlukeneyo kubumba oyindoda ukuqinisekisa ubume obugudileyo bangaphakathi.Ezi ziqingatha ezibini emva koko ziya kudityaniswa kunye nefiber eyongezwe ngaphandle kwindawo yokudibanisa ukuqinisekisa amandla aneleyo.Umthwalo woxinzelelo kwimeko yokuskrola awufuni i-composite ephezulu yamandla aphezulu, ngoko ke ukunyanzeliswa okumanzi kwendwangu ye-fiberglass kunye ne-epoxy resin kuya kukwanela.Ubukhulu becala lokuskrola lwalusekwe kwiparamitha yoyilo olufanayo njengepenstock.Iyunithi ye-250-kW ngumatshini wokuhamba kwe-axial, ngoko akukho meko yokuskrola.
Imbaleki ye-injini yomoya idibanisa ijometri enzima kunye neemfuno zomthwalo ophezulu.Umsebenzi wamva nje ubonise ukuba amacandelo anamandla aphezulu anokwenziwa kwi-SMC enqunqwe enqunqweniweyo enamandla kunye nokuqina.5 Ingalo yokumiswa kweLamborghini Gallardo yenzelwe ukusebenzisa iileya ezininzi ze-SMC ezinqunqiweyo ze-prepreg eyaziwa ngokuba yi-composite eyakhiweyo, ukunyanzeliswa okubunjiweyo. ukuvelisa ubukhulu obufunekayo.Indlela efanayo ingasetyenziswa kuFrancis kunye nabagijimi be-propeller.Umgijimi weFrancis akanakwenziwa njengeyunithi enye, njengoko ubunzima be-blade overlap buya kuthintela inxalenye ukuba ikhutshwe kwi-mold.Ke, iiblawudi zembaleki, isithsaba kunye nebhendi zenziwa ngokwahlukeneyo kwaye emva koko zidityaniswe kunye kwaye zomelezwe ngeebholiti ngaphandle kwesithsaba kunye nebhendi.
Ngelixa ityhubhu eyidrafti yenziwa ngokulula kakhulu ngokusebenzisa i-filament winding, le nkqubo ayizange ithengiswe kusetyenziswa imicu yendalo.Ngaloo ndlela, ukucwangciswa kwezandla kwakhethwa, njengoko le yindlela eqhelekileyo yokuvelisa, nangona iindleko eziphezulu zabasebenzi.Ukusebenzisa ukungunda oyindoda efana mandrel, layup ingagqityezelwa ngundo ethe tyaba emva koko wajika nkqo ukunyanga, ukuthintela sagging kwicala elinye.Ubunzima beengxenye ezidibeneyo buya kuhluka kancinci kuxhomekeke kwixabiso le-resin kwinxalenye egqityiweyo.La manani asekelwe kwi-50% ubunzima befiber.
Ubunzima bubonke bentsimbi kunye ne-composite ye-2-MW turbine yi-9,888 kg kunye ne-7,016 kg, ngokulandelanayo.I-250-kW yentsimbi kunye nee-turbines ezidibeneyo ziyi-3,734 kg kunye ne-1,927 kg, ngokulandelanayo.Iitotali zithatha amasango owikethi angama-20 kwiinjini yomoya nganye kunye nobude bepenstock obulingana nentloko yeinjini yomoya.Kusenokwenzeka ukuba i-penstock iya kuba yinde kwaye ifune ukufakwa, kodwa eli nani linika uqikelelo olusisiseko lobunzima beyunithi kunye neeperipherals ezinxulumeneyo.I-generator, i-bolts kunye ne-gate actuating hardware ayifakiwe kwaye ithathwa njengento efanayo phakathi kweeyunithi ezidibeneyo kunye nentsimbi.Kukwafanelekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba ukuhlengahlengiswa komgijimi okufunekayo ukujongana nokugxininiswa koxinzelelo olubonwa kwi-FEA kuya kongeza ubunzima kwiiyunithi ezidibeneyo, kodwa isixa sithathwa njengento encinci, ngokomyalelo we-5 kg ukuqinisa amaphuzu ngoxinzelelo loxinzelelo.
Ngobunzima obunikeziweyo, i-2-MW edibeneyo ye-turbine kunye ne-penstock yayo inokuphakanyiswa yi-V-22 Osprey ekhawulezayo, kanti umatshini wentsimbi uya kufuna i-helicopter ephantsi, encinci ye-Chinook twin rotor.Kwakhona, i-2-MW i-turbine edibeneyo kunye ne-penstock inokutsalwa yi-F-250 4 × 4, ngelixa iyunithi yentsimbi iya kufuna iloli enkulu eya kuba nzima ukuyihambisa kwiindlela zehlathi ukuba ukufakela kukude.
Izigqibo
Kunokwenzeka ukwenza ii-turbines ezivela kwizinto ezidibeneyo, kunye nokunciphisa ubunzima be-50% ukuya kwi-70% yabonwa xa kuthelekiswa nezixhobo zentsimbi eziqhelekileyo.Ubunzima obuncitshisiweyo bunokuvumela ii-turbines ezidibeneyo ukuba zifakwe kwiindawo ezikude.Ukongezelela, ukuhlanganiswa kwezi zakhiwo ezidibeneyo akudingi izixhobo zokuwelda.Amacandelo afuna ukuba iindawo ezimbalwa zibotshwe kunye, njengoko isiqwenga ngasinye sinokwenziwa kwicandelo elinye okanye amabini.Kwiimveliso ezincinci eziqhutywa kolu phononongo, iindleko zokubumba kunye nezinye izixhobo zilawula iindleko zecandelo.
Ukuqhutywa okuncinci okuboniswe apha kubonisa ukuba kuya kubiza malini ukuqalisa uphando olongezelelweyo kwezi mathiriyeli.Olu phando lunokujongana nokuguguleka kwe-cavitation kunye nokukhuselwa kwe-UV yamacandelo emva kokufakwa.Kunokwenzeka ukuba kusetyenziswe i-elastomer okanye i-ceramic coatings ukunciphisa i-cavitation okanye ukuqinisekisa ukuba i-turbine iqhutywe kwi-flow and head regimes ezikhusela ukuba i-cavitation ingenzeki.Kuya kubaluleka ukuvavanya nokusombulula le miba kunye neminye ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba iiyunithi zinokufikelela ukuthembeka okufanayo kwiiinjini zentsimbi, ngakumbi ukuba ziza kufakwa kwiindawo apho ukulungiswa kuya kuba yinto engavamile.
Nakwezi ziqhuba zincinci, ezinye iinxalenye eziyintlanganisela zinokubiza imali eninzi ngenxa yokuncipha komsebenzi ofunekayo ekwenzeni.Ngokomzekelo, i-scroll case yeyunithi ye-2-MW Francis iya kubiza i-$ 80,000 ukuba idityaniswe kwintsimbi yentsimbi xa kuthelekiswa ne-$ 25,000 yokwenziwa kwezinto ezidibeneyo.Nangona kunjalo, kuqikelelwa ukuba uyilo oluyimpumelelo lweembaleki ze-turbine, iindleko zokubumba iimbaleki ezihlanganisiweyo zingaphezulu kwezixhobo zentsimbi ezilinganayo.Umgijimi we-2-MW uya kubiza malunga ne-23,000 yeedola ukuvelisa kwintsimbi, xa kuthelekiswa ne-$ 27,000 evela kwi-composite.Iindleko zinokwahluka ngokomatshini.Kwaye ixabiso leenxalenye ezidityanisiweyo linokuhla kakhulu kwimveliso ephezulu ukuba umngundo unokuphinda usetyenziswe.
Abaphandi sele bephande ukwakhiwa kwee-turbine runners ezivela kwizinto ezidibeneyo.8 Nangona kunjalo, olu pho nonongo aluzange lujongane nokuguguleka kwe-cavitation kunye nokwenzeka kokwakhiwa.Inyathelo elilandelayo lee turbines ezidibeneyo kukuyila kunye nokwakha imodeli yesikali eya kuvumela ubungqina bokuba nokwenzeka kunye noqoqosho lokwenziwa.Le yunithi emva koko inokuvavanywa ukufumanisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokusebenza, kunye neendlela zokuthintela ukuguguleka kwe-cavitation.
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-15-2022
