Ukugcinwa kompompo yeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kunye neteknoloji evuthiweyo kwindawo yokugcina amandla amakhulu, kunye nomthamo ofakelweyo wezikhululo zamandla unokufikelela kwi-gigawatts.Okwangoku, eyona ndawo ikhulileyo kunye neyona inkulu yogcino lwamandla efakiweyo emhlabeni yimpompe ye-hydro.
Itekhnoloji yogcino olumpompelweyo ikhulile kwaye izinzile, ineenzuzo eziphezulu ezibanzi, kwaye ihlala isetyenziselwa ukulawulwa kwencopho kunye ne-backup.Ukugcinwa kompompo yeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kunye neteknoloji evuthiweyo kwindawo yokugcina amandla amakhulu, kunye nomthamo ofakelweyo wezikhululo zamandla unokufikelela kwi-gigawatts.
Ngokwezibalo ezingaphelelanga zeKomidi yobuGcisa bokuGcinwa kwe-Eneji ye-China Energy Research Association, i-hydro pumped okwangoku yeyona ndawo ikhulileyo kunye neyona inkulu yokugcina amandla efakwe emhlabeni.Ukusukela ngo-2019, amandla okugcina amandla okusebenza ehlabathi afikelele kwi-180 yezigidi ze-kilowatts, kwaye umthamo ofakiweyo wokumpontshwa kwamandla okugcina ungaphaya kwe-170 yezigidi zeekilowatts, ethatha i-94% yogcino lwamandla ehlabathi.
Izikhululo zamandla ezimponthiweyo zisebenzisa umbane oveliswe ngexesha lomthwalo ophantsi wenkqubo yombane ukumpompa amanzi kwindawo ephakamileyo ukuze agcinwe, kunye nokukhulula amanzi ukuvelisa umbane ngexesha lomthwalo ophakamileyo.Xa umthwalo uphantsi, isikhululo samandla esimpompelweyo singumsebenzisi;xa umthwalo uphezulu, sisixhobo sombane.
Iyunithi yokugcina impompo inemisebenzi emibini esisiseko: ukupompa amanzi kunye nokuvelisa umbane.Iyunithi isebenza njenge turbine yamanzi xa umthwalo wenkqubo yamandla ukwincopho yawo.Ukuvulwa kwe-vane yesikhokelo se-iturbine yamanzi kulungelelaniswa ngenkqubo yerhuluneli, kwaye amandla anokubakho emanzini aguqulwa abe ngamandla omatshini wokujikeleza kweyunithi, kwaye ke amandla oomatshini aguqulwa abe ngamandla ombane ngokusebenzisa ijenereyitha;
Xa umthwalo wenkqubo yamandla uphantsi, impompo yamanzi isetyenziselwa ukumpompa amanzi ukusuka kwindawo engaphantsi ukuya kwindawo ephezulu.Ngohlengahlengiso oluzenzekelayo lwenkqubo yerhuluneli, ukuvulwa kwesikhokelo se-vane kulungelelaniswa ngokuzenzekelayo ngokunyuka kwempompo, kwaye amandla ombane aguqulwa abe ngamandla anokuthi agcinwe kwaye agcinwe..
Izikhululo zombane ezimponthiweyo zinoxanduva ikakhulu lolawulo oluphezulu, ulawulo lwamaza, ukugcinwa kwenkxaso kaxakeka kunye nokuqaliswa okumnyama kwenkqubo yamandla, enokuphucula kwaye ilinganise umthwalo wenkqubo yamandla, iphucule umgangatho wonikezelo lwamandla kunye neenzuzo zoqoqosho zenkqubo yamandla, kunye zingumqolo wokuqinisekisa ukusebenza okukhuselekileyo, uqoqosho kunye nozinzo lwegridi yamandla..Izityalo zamandla ezipompayo ziyaziwa ngokuba yi "stabilizers", "regulators" kunye "ne-balancers" ekusebenzeni ngokukhuselekileyo kweegridi zamandla.
Intsingiselo yophuhliso lwezikhululo zamandla ezimpompeweyo zehlabathi ziyintloko ephezulu, umthamo omkhulu kunye nesantya esiphezulu.Intloko ephezulu ithetha ukuba iyunithi iphuhlisa ukuya kwintloko ephezulu, umthamo omkhulu uthetha ukuba umthamo weyunithi enye ikhula ngokuqhubekayo, kwaye isantya esiphezulu sithetha ukuba iyunithi ithatha isantya esiphezulu.
Ubume besikhululo samandla kunye neempawu
Izakhiwo eziphambili zesikhululo samandla esipompelweyo ngokubanzi ziquka: indawo yokugcina amanzi ephezulu, indawo yokugcina amanzi, inkqubo yokuhambisa amanzi, indawo yokusebenzela kunye nezinye izakhiwo ezikhethekileyo.Xa kuthelekiswa nezikhululo zombane eziqhelekileyo ngamanzi, ubume behydraulic kwizikhululo zamandla ezimponthiweyo zinezi mpawu zilandelayo:
Kukho amadama aphezulu nasezantsi.Xa kuthelekiswa nezikhululo zombane eziqhelekileyo ezisebenza ngamanzi ezinomthamo ofanayo ofakiweyo, umthamo wogcino lwamanzi wezikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo udla ngokuba mncinci.
Umgangatho wamanzi wedama uguquguquka kakhulu kwaye unyuka kwaye uhla rhoqo.Ukuze wenze umsebenzi wokutsheva okuphezulu kunye nokuzaliswa kwentlambo kwigridi yamandla, ukuguquguquka kwemihla ngemihla kwinqanaba lomthombo wamanzi wesikhululo samandla esimpompeweyo sidla ngokuba sikhulu ngokwentelekiso, ngokubanzi sidlula i-10-20 yeemitha, kwaye ezinye izikhululo zamandla zifikelela kwi-30- Iimitha ezingama-40, kwaye isantya sokutshintsha komgangatho wamanzi wedama sikhawuleza kakhulu, sifikelela kwi-5 ~ 8m/h, kunye ne-8 ~ 10m/h.
Iimfuno zothintelo lwedama lokungena kwamanzi ziphezulu.Ukuba isikhululo samandla esimpompiweyo esisulungekileyo sibangela ilahleko enkulu yamanzi ngenxa yokumanzisa kwedama eliphezulu, ukuveliswa kombane kwisikhululo samandla kuya kuncitshiswa.Kwangaxeshanye, ukuze kuthintelwe ukuntywila kwamanzi ekuwohlokeni kweemeko ze-hydrogeological kwindawo yeprojekthi, okukhokelela kumonakalo we-sepage kunye ne-seapage egxininisiweyo, iimfuno eziphezulu zikwabekwe ekuthinteleni kwamanzi okugcinwa kwamanzi.
Intloko yamanzi iphezulu.Intloko yesikhululo samandla esipompelweyo siphezulu ngokubanzi, ubukhulu becala buyi-200-800 yeemitha.Isikhululo samandla esimpompelweyo saseJixi esinomthamo ofakelweyo we-1.8 yesigidi seekilowatts yiprojekthi yokuqala yelizwe lam yecandelo lentloko yeemitha ezingama-650, kwaye isikhululo samandla esimpompelwa saseDunhua esinomthamo ofakelweyo we-1.4 yesigidi seekilowatts yiprojekthi yokuqala yelizwe lam engama-700- iprojekthi yecandelo lentloko yemitha.Ngophuhliso oluqhubekayo lwetekhnoloji yogcino lwempompo, inani lezikhululo zamandla eziphezulu, ezinomthamo omkhulu kwilizwe lam ziya kwanda.
Iyunithi ifakwe kwindawo ephakamileyo ephantsi.Ukuze koyiswe impembelelo yokushukuma kunye nokumanzisa kwindlu yombane, izikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo ezinkulu ezakhiwe ekhaya nakumazwe angaphandle kwiminyaka yakutsha nje zamkele uhlobo lwezindlu zamandla ezingaphantsi komhlaba.
Esona sikhululo samandla sehlabathi esimpompelweyo sokuqala sisikhululo samandla se-Netra pumped-storage e Zurich, eSwitzerland, esakhiwe ngo-1882.Iyunithi yokuqala yokuguqulwa kwe-oblique flow reversible yafakwa kwi-Gangnan Reservoir ngo-1968. Kamva, kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezayo lweshishini lamandla asekhaya, umthamo ofakelweyo wamandla enyukliya kunye namandla ashushu anyuka ngokukhawuleza, efuna ukuba inkqubo yamandla ixhotyiswe kunye neeyunithi ezihambelanayo zokugcina impompo. .
Ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1980, iChina iqalise ngamandla ukwakha izikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo ezinkulu.Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, kunye nophuhliso olukhawulezayo loqoqosho lwelizwe lam kunye neshishini lamandla, ilizwe lam liphumelele impumelelo yenzululwazi kunye nethekhnoloji kwisixhobo sokuzimela seyunithi enkulu yokugcina impompo.
Ekupheleni kuka-2020, umthamo welizwe lam ofakelweyo wokuvelisa umbane ompontshwayo ubezizigidi ezingama-31.49 zeekilowathi, ukwanda nge-4.0% kunonyaka ophelileyo.Ngo-2020, amandla okuvelisa amandla okumpontshelwa kuzwelonke ayengama-33.5 eebhiliyoni ze-kWh, ukwanda nge-5.0% kunonyaka ophelileyo;Umthamo welizwe osanda kongezwa ngokumpontshwa wokwenziwa kombane ube yi-1.2 yesigidi kWh.izikhululo zombane zelizwe lam ezimpontshwayo kwimveliso naphantsi kolwakhiwo zibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi.
I-State Grid Corporation yaseTshayina isoloko incamathele ukubaluleka okukhulu kuphuhliso lokugcinwa kwempompo.Okwangoku, i-State Grid inezikhululo zamandla ezimpontshwayo ezingama-22 ezisebenzayo kunye nezikhululo zamandla ezimpompe ezingama-30 ezisakhiwayo.
Ngo-2016, ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zamandla ezimpompe ezihlanu eZhen'an, eShaanxi, eJurong, eJiangsu, eQingyuan, eLiaoning, eXiamen, eFujian, naseFukang, eXinjiang;
Kwi-2017, ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zamandla ezipompe ezintandathu kwi-Yi County yaseHebei, iZhirui yase-Inner Mongolia, i-Ninghai yaseZhejiang, iJinyun yaseZhejiang, iLuoning yaseHenan kunye nePingjiang yaseHunan yaqala;
Ngo-2019, ukwakhiwa kwezikhululo zamandla ezimpompe ezihlanu kwi-Funing e-Hebei, i-Jiaohe e-Jilin, i-Qujiang e-Zhejiang, i-Weifang e-Shandong, kunye ne-Hami e-Xinjiang yaqala;
Ngo-2020, izikhululo zamandla ezine ezimpompelweyo e-Shanxi Yuanqu, Shanxi Hunyuan, Zhejiang Pan'an, kunye neShandong Tai'an Phase II ziya kuqalisa ukwakhiwa.
isikhululo samandla sokuqala esimponthiweyo selizwe lam esinezixhobo zeyunithi ezizimeleyo.Ngo-Okthobha ka-2011, isikhululo samandla sagqitywa ngempumelelo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ilizwe lam liphumelele ubugcisa obuphambili bophuhliso lwesixhobo sogcino olumpompelweyo.
Ngo-Epreli ka-2013, iSikhululo saMandla seFujian Xianyou esiPumped Storage sasetyenziswa ngokusesikweni ukuvelisa umbane;ngoAprili 2016, Zhejiang Xianju Pumped Storage Power Station ngeyunithi umthamo 375,000 kilowatts yaqhagamshelwa ngempumelelo kwigridi.Izixhobo ezizimeleyo zeeyunithi zokugcina ezipompeweyo kwilizwe lam ziye zathandwa kwaye zisetyenziswa ngokuqhubekayo.
Isikhululo sombane sokuqala esiziimitha ezingama-700 sentloko empompelweyo.Umthamo ofakiweyo uphelele yi-1.4 yezigidi zeekilowathi.Ngomhla wesi-4 kuJuni, ngo-2021, iYunithi yoku-1 yasetyenziswa ukuvelisa umbane.
Isikhululo samandla esimpompelweyo esinomthamo omkhulu ofakelweyo ehlabathini siyakhiwa.Umthamo ofakiweyo uphelele yi-3.6 yezigidi zeekilowathi.
Ukugcinwa kompompo kuneempawu ezisisiseko, ezibanzi kunye noluntu.Inokuthatha inxaxheba kwiinkonzo zolawulo lwenkqubo entsha yomthombo wamandla, inethiwekhi, imithwalo kunye nokugcinwa kweekhonkco, kunye neenzuzo ezibanzi zibaluleke kakhulu.Ithwala isistim samandla esikhuselekileyo sonikezelo lwamandla, ibhalansi ecocekileyo yekhabhoni ephantsi kunye nokusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu Umsebenzi obalulekileyo wolawulo olusebenzayo.
Eyokuqala kukujongana ngokufanelekileyo nokungabikho komthamo othembekileyo wokugcinwa kwenkqubo yamandla phantsi kokungena komlinganiselo ophezulu wamandla amatsha.Ngenzuzo yolawulo lwencopho yomthamo ophindwe kabini, sinokuphucula umthamo omkhulu wokulawula umthamo wenkqubo yamandla, kunye nokunciphisa ingxaki yokunikezelwa komthwalo wencopho obangelwa kukungazinzi kwamandla amatsha kunye nomthwalo omkhulu obangelwa ngumkhombe.Ubunzima bokusebenzisa obubangelwa kuphuhliso olukhulu lwamandla amatsha ngeli xesha linokukhuthaza ngcono ukusetyenziswa kwamandla amatsha.
Okwesibini kukujongana ngokufanelekileyo nokungahambi kakuhle phakathi kweempawu zokuphuma kwamandla amatsha kunye nemfuno yomthwalo, kuxhomekeke kwikhono lohlengahlengiso oluguquguqukayo lokuphendula ngokukhawuleza, ukulungelelanisa kangcono ukungahambi kakuhle kunye nokuguquguquka kwamandla amatsha, kunye nokuhlangabezana nemfuno yohlengahlengiso oluguquguqukayo. eziswa ngamandla amatsha “kuxhomekeke kwimozulu”.
Okwesithathu kukujongana ngokufanelekileyo nomzuzu ongonelanga we-inertia yenkqubo yamandla entsha ye-eneji ephezulu.Ngenzuzo yomzuzu ophezulu we-inertia yejeneretha ye-synchronous, inokuphucula ngokufanelekileyo amandla okuchasana nokuphazamiseka kwenkqubo kunye nokugcina ukuzinza kwenkqubo.
Okwesine kukujongana ngokufanelekileyo nempembelelo enokuthi ikhuseleke yefom "yombini-phezulu" kwinkqubo entsha yamandla, ukuthatha umsebenzi wokulondoloza ungxamiseko, kwaye uphendule kwiimfuno zohlengahlengiso ngokukhawuleza nangaliphi na ixesha ngokuqala ngokukhawuleza kunye nokukhawuleza amandla okujikeleza amandla. .Ngexesha elifanayo, njengomthwalo ophazamisayo, unokususa ngokukhuselekileyo umthwalo olinganisiweyo weyunithi yokupompa ngempendulo ye-millisecond, kunye nokuphucula ukusebenza okukhuselekileyo kunye nokuzinza kwenkqubo.
Eyesihlanu kukujongana ngokufanelekileyo neendleko eziphezulu zohlengahlengiso eziziswa ludibaniso olukhulu lwegridi yamandla amatsha.Ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokusebenza ezifanelekileyo, ezidityaniswe namandla okushisa okunciphisa i-carbon kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle, ukunciphisa ukulahlwa komoya kunye nokukhanya, ukukhuthaza ukunikezelwa kwamandla, kunye nokuphucula uqoqosho olupheleleyo kunye nokusebenza okucocekileyo kwenkqubo yonke.
Ukuqinisa ukulungelelaniswa nokudityaniswa kwezibonelelo zeziseko ezingundoqo, ukulungelelanisa ukhuseleko, umgangatho kunye nolawulo lwenkqubela phambili yeeprojekthi ezingama-30 ezisakhiwayo, ukukhuthaza ngamandla ukwakhiwa koomatshini, ulawulo olukrelekrele nolwakhiwo olusemgangathweni, ukwandisa ixesha lokwakha, nokuqinisekisa ukuba umthamo wokugcina umpompo uya kudlula izigidi ezingama-20. ngexesha “leSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu ye-14”.iikilowatts, kunye nomthamo ofakiweyo wokusebenza uya kudlula i-70 yezigidi zeekilowatts ngo-2030.
Okwesibini kukusebenza nzima kulawulo olubhityileyo.Ukuqiniswa kwesikhokelo sokucwangcisa, sigxile kwinjongo "yekhabhoni ezimbini" kunye nokuphunyezwa kwesicwangciso senkampani, ukulungiswa komgangatho ophezulu wesicwangciso sophuhliso se-"14 seminyaka emihlanu" yokugcina impompo.Ukwandisa ngokwenzululwazi iinkqubo zokuqala zomsebenzi zeprojekthi, kunye nokuqhubela phambili isifundo sokwenzeka kweprojekthi kunye nokuvunywa ngendlela enocwangco.Kugxilwe kukhuseleko, umgangatho, ixesha lokwakha, kunye neendleko, ngamandla ukukhuthaza ulawulo olukrelekrele kunye nolawulo, ulwakhiwo oomatshini kunye nolwakhiwo eluhlaza kolwakhiwo lobunjineli ukuqinisekisa ukuba iiprojekthi ezisakhiwayo unako ukufikelela izibonelelo ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
Gxininisa ulawulo lomjikelo wobomi bezixhobo, ugxininise uphando kwinkonzo yegridi yamandla eyunithi, uphucule isicwangciso sokusebenza kweeyunithi, kwaye usebenze ngokupheleleyo ukusebenza okukhuselekileyo kunye nokuzinza kwegridi yamandla.Gxininisa ulawulo oluthambileyo olunamacala amaninzi, ukukhawulezisa ulwakhiwo lwekhonkco lokubonelela ngobuchule bale mihla, ukuphucula inkqubo yolawulo lwezinto eziphathekayo, ukwaba imali eyinkunzi ngokwenzululwazi, izixhobo, itekhnoloji, idatha kunye nezinye izinto zemveliso, ukuphucula ngamandla umgangatho kunye nokusebenza kakuhle, kunye nokuphucula ngokupheleleyo ulawulo olusebenzayo kunye ukusebenza kakuhle.
Eyesithathu kukufuna impumelelo kubuchule obutsha.Ukuzalisekiswa okunzulu "kweSicwangciso sokuQinisa iNtshukumo eNtsha yokuQhubela phambili" yezenzululwazi neteknoloji, ukwandisa utyalo-mali kuphando lwezenzululwazi, kunye nokuphucula isakhono sokwenza izinto ezintsha ezizimeleyo.Ukwandisa ukusetyenziswa kweteknoloji yesantya esiguquguqukayo, ukomeleza uphando lweteknoloji kunye nophuhliso lweeyunithi ezinkulu ze-400-megawatt, ukukhawulezisa ulwakhiwo lweelabhoratri zemodeli yepompo-iturbine kunye neelebhu zokulinganisa, kwaye wenze zonke iinzame zokwakha isayensi ezimeleyo kunye nokuveliswa kwezinto ezintsha. iqonga.
Ukwandisa ubume bophando lwezenzululwazi kunye nokwabiwa kwezibonelelo, ukuqinisa uphando kwi-teknoloji engundoqo yokugcina impompo, kwaye uzame ukunqoba ingxaki yobugcisa "yentamo exinyiweyo".Gxininisa uphando malunga nokusetyenziswa kobuchwepheshe obutsha obufana ne "Big Cloud IoT Smart Chain", ukuhambisa ngokubanzi ulwakhiwo lwezikhululo zamandla ezikrelekrele zedijithali, kunye nokukhawulezisa inguqu yedijithali yamashishini.
Ixesha lokuposa: Mar-07-2022
