Sele iyiminyaka eli-111 ukusukela oko iTshayina yaqala ukwakhiwa kwesikhululo sombane i-shilongba, isikhululo sombane sokuqala ngo-1910. Kule minyaka ingaphezulu kwe-100, ukusuka kumthamo ofakelweyo wesikhululo sombane saseShilongba esingama-480 kW ukuya kuma-370 ezigidi ze-KW ngoku sibekwe kwindawo yokuqala ihlabathi, amanzi nombane China ishishini wenze impumelelo ephawulekayo.Sikwishishini lamalahle, kwaye siya kuva ezinye iindaba malunga nombane owenziwe ngamanzi ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi, kodwa asiyazi kakhulu malunga neshishini lombane wamanzi.
01 umthetho-siseko wokuvelisa amandla ombane wamanzi
I-Hydropower eneneni yinkqubo yokuguqula amandla anokubakho emanzini abe ngamandla oomatshini, kwaye emva koko ukusuka kumandla oomatshini ukuya kumandla ombane.Ngokuqhelekileyo, kukusebenzisa amanzi omlambo aqukuqelayo ukuguqula i-motor ukwenza umbane, kwaye amandla aqulethwe emlanjeni okanye icandelo lesitya sawo sixhomekeke kumthamo wamanzi kunye nokuhla.
Umthamo wamanzi omlambo ulawulwa ngumntu osemthethweni, kwaye ukuhla kulungile.Ke ngoko, xa usakha isikhululo sombane, ungakhetha ukwakha idama kwaye ujike amanzi ukuze agxininise ukwehla, ukuze kuphuculwe izinga lokusetyenziswa kobutyebi bamanzi.
Ukwenza idama kukwakha idama kwindawo yomlambo elinethontsi elikhulu, kumiselwe indawo yokugcina amanzi kunye nokunyusa umgangatho wamanzi, njengeSikhululo soMbane waManzi weeGodi ezintathu;Uphambuko lubhekiselele ekuphambukeni kwamanzi ukusuka kwidama elinyukayo ukuya kumazantsi omlambo ngomjelo woluleko, njengesikhululo sombane i-Jinping II.
Iimpawu ze-02 zombane wamanzi
Iingenelo zombane we-hydropower ikakhulu zibandakanya ukukhuselwa kwendalo kunye nokuvuselelwa, ukusebenza kakuhle okuphezulu kunye nokuguquguquka, ixabiso eliphantsi lokugcinwa njalo njalo.
Ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo kunye nokuhlaziywa kufuneka kube yeyona nto iluncedo yombane wamanzi.I-Hydropower isebenzisa kuphela amandla asemanzini, ayisebenzisi manzi, kwaye ayisayi kubangela ungcoliseko.
Isethi yejeneretha ye-injini ye-injini yamanzi, izixhobo ezingundoqo zamandla ombane we-hydropower, ayisebenzi nje kuphela, kodwa iyakwazi ukuguquguquka ekuqaliseni nasekusebenzeni.Inokuqalisa ukusebenza ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwimeko emileyo kwimizuzu embalwa kwaye igqibezele umsebenzi wokunyusa nokunciphisa umthwalo kwimizuzwana embalwa.Amandla ombane angasetyenziselwa ukwenza imisebenzi yokutsheva okuphezulu, ukumodareyitha rhoqo, ukulinda umthwalo kunye nokulinda ngengozi kwenkqubo yamandla.
Imveliso yombane we-Hydropower ayisebenzisi amafutha, ayifuni abasebenzi abaninzi kunye nezibonelelo ezityalwe kwimigodi kunye nokuthutha amafutha, zinezixhobo ezilula, abaqhubi abambalwa, amandla angaphantsi ancedisayo, ixesha elide lenkonzo yezixhobo kunye neendleko eziphantsi zokusebenza kunye nokugcinwa kweendleko.Ke ngoko, iindleko zokuvelisa umbane wesikhululo sombane wamanzi ziphantsi, nto leyo eyi-1/5-1/8 kuphela yesikhululo samandla obushushu, kwaye izinga lokusetyenziswa kwamandla kwisikhululo sombane wamanzi liphezulu, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-85%, ngelixa amalahle -Fired amandla thermal ukusebenza kakuhle kwisikhululo samandla obushushu malunga ne-40% kuphela.
Izinto ezingeloncedo ngombane wamanzi ikakhulu zibandakanya ukuchatshazelwa kakhulu yimozulu, ukucuthwa ziimeko zejografi, utyalo-mali olukhulu kwasekuqaleni kunye nomonakalo kwimo engqongileyo yendalo.
I-Hydropower ichatshazelwa kakhulu yimvula.Nokuba kukwixesha lonyaka elomileyo nakwixesha leemvula yeyona nto ibalulekileyo ekubhekiselelwe kuyo ekufumaneni amalahle ombane oshushu kwiziko lombane.Ukuveliswa kombane nge-Hydropower kuzinzile ngokonyaka nangephondo, kodwa kuxhomekeke “kwimini” xa ichazwa ngokweenkcukacha kwinyanga, ikota kunye nommandla.Ayinakunika amandla azinzileyo kwaye anokwethenjelwa njengamandla obushushu.
Kukho iiyantlukwano ezinkulu phakathi koMzantsi nasemantla kwixesha lemvula kunye nexesha elomileyo.Nangona kunjalo, ngokweenkcukacha-manani zokuveliswa kombane kwinyanga nganye ukusuka ku-2013 ukuya ku-2021, xa lilonke, ixesha lemvula laseTshayina limalunga noJuni ukuya ku-Oktobha kwaye ixesha elomileyo limalunga noDisemba ukuya kuFebruwari.Umahluko phakathi kwezi zibini unokuba ngaphezu kokuphindwe kabini.Kwangaxeshanye, singabona kwakhona ukuba phantsi kwemvelaphi yokwandisa umthamo ofakiweyo, ukuveliswa kwamandla ukusuka ngoJanuwari ukuya kuMatshi kulo nyaka kuphantsi kakhulu kunoko kwiminyaka edlulileyo, kwaye ukuveliswa kwamandla ngoMatshi kufana nokulingana no-2015. Oku kwanele ukusivumela ukuba sibone "ukungazinzi" kwamandla ombane.
Unyinwe yimeko yenjongo.Izikhululo zombane wamanzi azinakwakhiwa apho kukho amanzi.Ukwakhiwa kwesikhululo sombane wamanzi kulinganiselwe ngokwejoloji, ukuhla, izinga lokuhamba kwamanzi, ukufuduswa kwabahlali kunye necandelo lolawulo.Umzekelo, iprojekthi yogcino lwamanzi ye-Heishan Gorge ekhankanywe kwiNkongolo yeSizwe yaBantu ngo-1956 ayizange ipasiswe ngenxa yolungelelaniso olubi lwemidla phakathi kweGansu neNingxia.Ide ivele kwakhona kwisindululo sezi seshoni zimbini kulo nyaka, akukaziwa ukuba ungaqala nini ukwakhiwa.
Utyalo-mali olufunekayo kumbane owenziwe ngamanzi mkhulu.Amatye omhlaba kunye nemisebenzi yekhonkrithi yokwakhiwa kwezikhululo zombane mikhulu, kwaye iindleko ezinkulu zokuhlaliswa ngokutsha kufuneka zihlawulwe;Ngaphezu koko, utyalo-mali lwangaphambili alubonakali nje kwinkunzi, kodwa nangexesha.Ngenxa yesidingo sokuhlaliswa ngokutsha kunye nolungelelwaniso lwamasebe ahlukeneyo, umjikelo wolwakhiwo lwezikhululo zombane ezininzi eziveliswa ngamanzi uya kulibaziseka kakhulu kunokuba bekucwangcisiwe.
Sithatha iBaihetan Hydropower Station esakhiwayo njengomzekelo, iprojekthi yaqalwa ngo-1958 yaza yabandakanywa “kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu” ngowe-1965. Isitishi soMbane we-Baihetan asikagqitywa.Ngaphandle koyilo lwangaphambili kunye nokucwangcisa, umjikelo wokwakha wangempela uya kuthatha ubuncinane iminyaka eyi-10.
Amadama amakhulu abangela ukhukuliseko olukhulu kwiindawo eziphezulu zedama, maxa wambi zonakalisa iindawo ezisezantsi, iintlambo zemilambo, amahlathi kunye nengca.Kwangaxeshanye, iyakuchaphazela i-ecosystem yasemanzini ejikeleze isityalo.Inempembelelo enkulu kwiintlanzi, iintaka zamanzi kunye nezinye izilwanyana.
03 imeko yangoku yophuhliso lombane wamanzi eTshayina
Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ukuveliswa kombane wamanzi kugcine ukukhula, kodwa izinga lokukhula kwiminyaka emihlanu yakutshanje liphantsi
Ngo-2020, amandla okuvelisa amandla ombane yi-1355.21 yeebhiliyoni ze-kwh, ngokunyuka konyaka-ngonyaka nge-3.9%.Nangona kunjalo, kwisithuba seSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu se-13, amandla omoya kunye ne-Optoelectronics ziphuhliswe ngokukhawuleza kwisithuba seSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu ye-13, ukudlula iinjongo zokucwangcisa, ngelixa umbane owenziwe ngamanzi ugqibe malunga nesiqingatha seenjongo zokucwangcisa.Kule minyaka ingama-20 idlulileyo, umlinganiselo wombane kumandla ombane xa uwonke ubuzinzile ngokwentelekiso, ugcinwe kwi-14% ukuya kwi-19%.
Ukusuka kwisantya sokukhula kokuveliswa kombane eTshayina, kunokubonwa ukuba isantya sokukhula kombane ophehlwa ngamanzi sehlile kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo, igcinwe imalunga ne-5%.
Ndicinga ukuba izizathu zokunciphisa, ngakwesinye icala, ukuvalwa kombane omncinci we-hydropower, okhankanywe ngokucacileyo kwi-13 yeminyaka emihlanu yesicwangciso sokukhusela nokulungisa imeko yendalo.Kukho izikhululo zombane ezincinci ezingama-4705 ezifuna ukulungiswa kwaye zirhoxiswe kwiPhondo laseSichuan kuphela;
Kwelinye icala, izibonelelo zophuhliso lombane omkhulu waseTshayina azonelanga.I-China yakhe izikhululo zombane ezininzi ngamanzi ezifana neMiwonyo emithathu, iGezhouba, iWudongde, iXiangjiaba kunye neBaihetan.Izibonelelo zokwakhiwa ngokutsha kwezikhululo zombane ezikhulu zamanzi zisenokuba kuphela “igophe elikhulu” loMlambo iYarlung Zangbo.Nangona kunjalo, ngenxa yokuba ummandla ubandakanya ubume bejoloji, ulawulo lokusingqongileyo lweendawo zolondolozo lwendalo kunye nobudlelwane namazwe ayingqongileyo, bekunzima ukusombulula ngaphambili.
Kwangaxeshanye, kunokubonwa kwisantya sokukhula kokuveliswa kwamandla kule minyaka ingama-20 yakutsha nje ukuba isantya sokukhula samandla ashushu sidityaniswa ngokusisiseko nesantya sokukhula kokuveliswa kwamandla ewonke, ngelixa izinga lokukhula kwamandla ombane lingenamsebenzi. izinga lokukhula kokuveliswa kwamandla ewonke, ebonisa imeko "yokunyuka rhoqo emva konyaka".Nangona kukho izizathu zomlinganiselo ophezulu wamandla ashushu, ikwabonakalisa ukungazinzi kombane owenziwe ngamanzi ukuya kumlinganiselo othile.
Kwinkqubo yokunciphisa umyinge wamandla ashushu, umbane owenziwe ngamanzi awudlalanga indima enkulu.Nangona ikhula ngokukhawuleza, inokugcina kuphela umlinganiselo wayo kumandla ombane ewonke phantsi kwemvelaphi yokwanda okukhulu kokuveliswa kwamandla esizwe.Ukwehliswa komyinge wamandla ashushu kubangelwa ikakhulu kweminye imithombo yamandla acocekileyo, njengamandla omoya, i-photovoltaic, igesi yendalo, amandla enyukliya njalo njalo.
Ugxininiso olugqithisileyo lwemithombo yombane wamanzi
Uveliso lombane lulonke lwamaphondo aseSichuan naseYunnan luthatha phantse isiqingatha soveliso lombane ophehlwa ngamanzi esizwe, kwaye ingxaki ebangelwa kukuba iindawo ezityebileyo ngemithombo yombane oveliswa ngamanzi zisenokungakwazi ukufunxa ukuveliswa kombane wasekhaya, okukhokelela kwinkcitho yamandla.Isibini esithathwini samanzi amdaka kunye nombane kwimifula emikhulu yaseTshayina ivela kwiPhondo laseSichuan, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-20.2 yeebhiliyoni ze-kwh, ngelixa ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sombane ongcolileyo kwiphondo laseSichuan uvela kumlambo omkhulu weDadu River.
Ehlabathini lonke, amandla ombane aseTshayina aphuhliswe ngokukhawuleza kule minyaka ili-10 idlulileyo.I-China iphantse yaqhuba ukukhula kombane wehlabathi jikelele ngamandla ayo.Phantse i-80% yokukhula kokusetyenziswa kombane wamanzi kwihlabathi liphela ivela e-China, kwaye ukusetyenziswa kombane wase-China kubalela ngaphezulu kwe-30% yokusetyenziswa kombane ovela emanzini kwihlabathi liphela.
Nangona kunjalo, ubungakanani bokusetyenziswa kombane omkhulu wamanzi kusetyenziso lwamandla ombane oluphambili eTshayina luphezulu kancinane kunomndilili wehlabathi, ngaphantsi kwe-8% ngo-2019. ephantsi kakhulu kunaleyo yaseBrazil, nayo elilizwe elisakhasayo.I-China ine-680 yezigidi zeekilowatts zemithombo yombane wamanzi, ibekwe kwindawo yokuqala kwihlabathi.Ngo-2020, umthamo ofakiweyo wombane wamanzi uya kuba yi-370 yezigidi zeekilowatts.Ngokwale mbono, ishishini lombane laseTshayina lisenalo igumbi elikhulu lophuhliso.
04 indlela yophuhliso lwexesha elizayo lombane wamanzi eTshayina
Amandla ombane azakukhawulezisa ukukhula kwawo kule minyaka imbalwa izayo kwaye aya kuqhubeka esanda kwinxalenye yokuveliswa kwamandla ewonke.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngexesha le-14 leSicwangciso seMinyaka emiHlanu, ngaphezu kwe-50 yezigidi ze-kilowatts zamandla ombane angasetyenziswa e-China, kubandakanywa i-Wudongde, i-Baihetan Hydropower Stations yeqela le-Three Gorges kunye nokufikelela okuphakathi kwesikhululo samanzi saseYalong River.Ngaphezu koko, iprojekthi yophuhliso lombane wamanzi kwindawo esezantsi yoMlambo iYarlung Zangbo ibandakanyiwe kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu ye-14, kunye ne-70 yezigidi zeekilowatts zezixhobo ezinokusetyenziswa ngobuchule, elilingana nezikhululo zombane ezingaphezu kweThathu zeGorges ezintathu, okuthetha ukuba umbane wamanzi. iye yangenisa uphuhliso olukhulu kwakhona;
Kwelinye icala, ukuncitshiswa komlinganiselo wamandla obushushu kuqikelelwa ngokucacileyo.Kungakhathaliseki ukuba kumbono wokukhuselwa kwendalo, ukhuseleko lwamandla kunye nophuhliso lwezobuchwepheshe, amandla okushisa aya kuqhubeka nokunciphisa ukubaluleka kwawo kwintsimi yamandla.
Kule minyaka imbalwa izayo, isantya sophuhliso lwamandla ombane asinako ukuthelekiswa neso samandla amatsha.Nakumlinganiselo wamandla ombane ewonke, unokukoyiswa kukungafiki kade kwamandla amatsha.Ukuba ixesha lide, kunokuthiwa kuya kuthatyathwa ngamandla amatsha.
Ixesha lokuposa: Apr-12-2022
