I-counterattack turbine iwuhlobo lwemishini ye-hydraulic esebenzisa ingcindezi yokugeleza kwamanzi ukuguqula amandla amanzi abe amandla emishini.
(1) Isakhiwo.Izingxenye eziyinhloko zesakhiwo se-counterattack turbine umgijimi, igumbi lokuphambukisa amanzi, indlela yokuqondisa amanzi kanye neshubhu esalungiswa.
1) Umgijimi.Umgijimi uyingxenye ye-turbine yamanzi eguqula amandla okugeleza kwamanzi abe amandla ajikelezayo emishini.Ngokuya ngesiqondiso sokuguqulwa kwamandla amanzi, izakhiwo zokugijima zama-turbine ahlukene okuhlasela nazo zihlukile.Umgijimi we-Francis turbine wakhiwe ngezindwani ezisontekile ezilula, umqhele nendandatho engezansi nezinye izingxenye eziqondile eziqondile;Umgijimi we-axial flow turbine wakhiwe ngama-blades, umzimba womgijimi kanye ne-drain cone nezinye izakhi eziyinhloko: ukugeleza kwe-diagonal turbine umgijimi isakhiwo siyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu.I-engeli yokubeka i-blade ingashintshwa nezimo zokusebenza futhi ifaniswe nokuvuleka kwe-vane ye-guide.Ulayini ophakathi nendawo wokuzungezisa i-blade uku-engeli etshekile (45°-60°) ku-axis ye-turbine.
2) Igumbi lokuphambukisa amanzi.Umsebenzi wawo uwukwenza amanzi ageleze ngokulinganayo emshinini wokuqondisa amanzi, ukunciphisa ukulahleka kwamandla, nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-turbine.Ama-turbine amakhulu naphakathi nendawo ngokuvamile asebenzisa ama-volute ensimbi ayindilinga anamakhanda angaphezu kwama-50m, kanye namavolomu okhonkolo we-trapezoidal awela ngaphansi kwalawo angaphansi kwama-50m.
3) Indlela yokuqondisa amanzi.Ivamise ukwakhiwa ngenani elithile lama-vanes omhlahlandlela kanye nezindlela zawo ezizungezisayo ezihlelwe ngokulinganayo emaphethelweni omgijimi.Umsebenzi wayo ukuqondisa ukugeleza kwamanzi ngokulinganayo kumgijimi, futhi ngokulungisa ukuvulwa kwe-vane yokuqondisa, ukushintsha izinga lokugeleza kwe-turbine ukuze kuhlangabezane nezidingo zomthwalo wesethi ye-generator, futhi idlala indima yokuvala amanzi. lapho ivalwe ngokugcwele.
4) I-tube yokusalungiswa.Ukugeleza kwamanzi endaweni yokuphuma komgijimi kusenayo ingxenye yamandla ayinsalela engakasetshenziswa.Iqhaza leshubhu elisalungiswa ukubuyisela le ngxenye yamandla nokukhipha amanzi ezansi nomfula.I-draft tube ihlukaniswe yaba izinhlobo ezimbili, i-cone eqondile ne-curved.Eyangaphambili ine-coefficient yamandla enkulu futhi ngokuvamile ifanele ama-turbine amancane avundlile namashubhu;lena yakamuva inokusebenza okuphansi kwe-hydraulic kunama-cones aqondile, kodwa inokujula okuncane kokumba, futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu kuma-turbines aphikisayo amakhulu naphakathi.
(2) Ukwahlukanisa.Ngokulandela i-axial yokugeleza kwamanzi kumgijimi, i-turbine yomthelela ihlukaniswe yaba yi-Francis turbine, i-diagonal flow turbine, i-axial flow turbine kanye ne-tubular turbine.
1) Francis turbine.I-Francis (i-radial axial flow noma i-Francis) i-turbine iyi-turbine ephikisana nokuhlasela lapho amanzi egeleza khona ngokwe-radially esuka kumjikelezo womgijimi ukuya ohlangothini lwe-axial.Lolu hlobo lwe-turbine lunezinhlobonhlobo zamakhanda asebenzayo (30-700m), isakhiwo esilula, umthamo omncane kanye nezindleko eziphansi.Injini enkulu kaFrancis esike yasebenza eShayina i-Ertan Hydropower Plant, enamandla okukhipha amandla angu-582 MW kanye namandla amakhulu okukhipha angu-621 MW.
2) I-Axial flow turbine.I-axial flow turbine iyi-counterattack turbine lapho amanzi egeleza esuka endaweni ye-axial futhi ageleze aphume kumgijimi aye ohlangothini lwe-axial.Lolu hlobo lwe-turbine luhlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili: uhlobo lwe-fixed-blade (uhlobo lwesikulufa) nohlobo olujikelezayo (uhlobo lwe-Kaplan).Izindwani zangaphambili zilungisiwe, futhi ama-blades wokugcina angashintshwa.Amandla okudlula amanzi we-axial flow turbine makhulu kunawe-Francis turbine.Ngenxa yokuthi izindwani ze-turbine ye-paddle zingashintsha indawo lapho zishintsha khona umthwalo, zisebenza kahle kakhulu kushintsho olubanzi lomthwalo.Ukusebenza kwe-anti-cavitation namandla omshini we-axial flow turbine kubi kakhulu kunaleyo ye-Francis turbine, futhi isakhiwo sibuye sibe nzima kakhulu.Njengamanje, inhloko esebenzayo yalolu hlobo lwe-turbine isifinyelele ku-80m noma ngaphezulu.
3) I-Tubular turbine.Ukugeleza kwamanzi kwalolu hlobo lwe-turbine yamanzi kugeleza nge-axially kumgijimi, futhi akukho ukushintshashintsha ngaphambi nangemuva komgijimi.Ububanzi bekhanda lokusetshenziswa buyi-3-20..I-fuselage inezinzuzo zokuphakama okuncane, izimo ezinhle zokugeleza kwamanzi, ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu, ubunjiniyela obuncane bomphakathi, izindleko eziphansi, asikho isidingo sama-volutes namashubhu okusalungiswa agobile, futhi uma ikhanda liphansi, izinzuzo ezisobala kakhulu.
Ama-turbine amashubhu ahlukaniswe abe izinhlobo ezimbili: ukugeleza okugcwele kanye nokugeleza kwe-semi-through-ngokuya ngokuxhunywa kwejeneretha kanye nemodi yokudlulisela.Ama-turbines we-semi-through-flow turbines aphinde ahlukaniswe abe uhlobo lwe-bulb, uhlobo lwe-shaft kanye nohlobo lokunwetshwa kwe-shaft.Phakathi kwabo, uhlobo lokunwetshwa kwe-shaft lubuye luhlukaniswe izinhlobo ezimbili.Kukhona i-oblique eksisi kanye ne-eksisi evundlile.Njengamanje, uhlobo lwe-tubular ye-bulb esetshenziswa kakhulu, uhlobo lwe-shaft extension kanye nohlobo lwe-shaft eqondile lusetshenziswa kakhulu kumayunithi amancane.Eminyakeni yamuva nje, uhlobo lwe-shaft luphinde lwasetshenziswa kumayunithi amakhulu naphakathi nendawo.
Ijeneretha yeyunithi yeshubhu yesandiso se-shaft ifakwe ngaphandle komzila wamanzi, futhi ijeneretha ixhunywe ku-turbine enomshini omude othambekele noma umgodi ovundlile.Lesi sakhiwo sohlobo lwe-shaft extension silula kunohlobo lwe-bulb.
4) I-Diagonal flow turbine.Isakhiwo nosayizi wokugeleza kwe-diagonal (ebuye ibizwe ngokuthi i-diagonal) iphakathi kokugeleza okuxubile nokugeleza kwe-axial.Umehluko omkhulu ukuthi umugqa omaphakathi wama-blade womgijimi use-engeli ethile kuya kumugqa omaphakathi we-turbine.Ngenxa yezici zesakhiwo, iyunithi ayivunyelwe ukucwila ngesikhathi sokusebenza, ngakho-ke idivayisi yokuvikela isignali ye-axial displacement ifakwe esakhiweni sesibili ukuvimbela izingozi lapho ama-blade kanye negumbi lokugijima lishayisana.Uhla lwekhanda elisetshenziswayo le-diagonal flow turbine lingama-25 ~ 200m.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-19-2021
