Izinto eziyinhlanganisela ziyangena ekwakhiweni kwemishini embonini yamandla kagesi ophehlwa ngamanzi.Uphenyo lwamandla ezinto ezibonakalayo nezinye izindlela kuveza ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza eziningi, ikakhulukazi kumayunithi amancane namancane.
Lesi sihloko sihloliwe futhi sahlelwa ngokuvumelana nezibuyekezo ezenziwe ochwepheshe ababili noma ngaphezulu abanolwazi olufanele.Laba babuyekezi ontanga bahlulela imibhalo yesandla ngokunemba kobuchwepheshe, ukuba usizo, nokubaluleka okuphelele ngaphakathi kwemboni yokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi.
Ukukhuphuka kwezinto ezintsha kunikeza amathuba ajabulisayo embonini ephehla ugesi ngamanzi.Izinkuni - ezazisetshenziswa kumasondo amanzi okuqala kanye nama-penstocks - zathathelwa indawo izingxenye zensimbi ekuqaleni kwawo-1800.Insimbi igcina amandla ayo ngokulayisha ukukhathala okukhulu futhi imelana nokuguguleka kwe-cavitation nokugqwala.Izakhiwo zayo ziqondwa kahle futhi izinqubo zokwenziwa kwengxenye zithuthukiswe kahle.Kumayunithi amakhulu, insimbi cishe iyohlala iyimpahla yokuzikhethela.
Kodwa-ke, uma kubhekwa ukukhuphuka kwamaturbine amancane (ngaphansi kuka-10 MW) kuya kusayizi omncane (ngaphansi kuka-100 kW), izinhlanganisela zingasetshenziswa ukonga isisindo nokunciphisa izindleko zokukhiqiza kanye nomthelela emvelweni.Lokhu kubaluleke kakhulu uma kubhekwa isidingo esiqhubekayo sokukhula kokuphakelwa kukagesi.Umthamo wokuphehla amanzi emhlabeni wonke ofakiwe, cishe u-800,000 MW ngokocwaningo lwango-2009 olwenziwa yi-Norwegian Renewable Energy Partners, ungamaphesenti ayi-10 kuphela amandla akhona ngokomnotho kanye no-6% wamandla aphehlwa ngamanzi asebenza ngobuchwepheshe.Amandla okuletha i-hydro eningi engenzeka ngokobuchwepheshe endaweni yokwanda okungenzeka ngokomnotho ngamandla ezingxenye eziyinhlanganisela ukuhlinzeka umnotho wesilinganiso.
Ukwakhiwa kwengxenye ehlanganisiwe
Ukuze ukhiqize i-penstock ngokomnotho nangamandla aphezulu angashintshi, indlela engcono kakhulu i-filament winding.I-mandrel enkulu isongwe ngamathoyizi efiber afakwe endaweni yokugeza ye-resin.Amathowuzi asongwe nge-hoop kanye namaphethini we-helical ukudala amandla okucindezela kwangaphakathi, ukugoba kwe-longitudinal nokubamba.Isigaba semiphumela esingezansi sibonisa izindleko nesisindo ngonyawo ngalunye lwamasayizi amabili we-penstock, ngokusekelwe esicaphuni esivela kubahlinzeki bendawo.I-quote ibonise ukuthi ubukhulu bomklamo buqhutshwa yizidingo zokufaka nokuphatha, kunomthwalo wengcindezi ephansi, futhi kokubili kwakungu-2.28 cm.
Izindlela ezimbili zokukhiqiza zazicatshangelwa ama-wicket amasango kanye nama-vanes okuhlala;i-layup emanzi kanye nokufaka i-vacuum.Ukuhleleka okumanzi kusebenzisa indwangu eyomile, efakwa ngokuthela inhlaka phezu kwendwangu nokusebenzisa ama-roller ukusunduza inhlaka endwangu.Le nqubo ayihlanzekile njengokufakwa kwe-vacuum futhi ayikhiqizi ngaso sonke isikhathi isakhiwo esilungiselelwe kakhulu ngokwesilinganiso se-fiber-to-resin, kodwa ithatha isikhathi esincane kunenqubo yokufaka i-vacuum.I-vacuum infusion ibeka i-fiber eyomile ngendlela efanele, bese isitaki esomile sibe sesifakwa i-vacuum bese kunamathiselwa izinto ezengeziwe eziholela ekuhlinzekweni kwe-resin, okudonselwa engxenyeni lapho kufakwa i-vacuum.I-vacuum isiza ukugcina inani le-resin lisezingeni elifanele futhi inciphisa ukukhululwa kwezinto eziphilayo eziguquguqukayo.
Ikesi lokuskrola lizosebenzisa ukuhlangana kwesandla ngamahafu amabili ahlukene esibunjeni sowesilisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe indawo engaphakathi ebushelelezi.Lawa mahhafu amabili azobe esehlanganiswa kanye nefayibha engezwe ngaphandle endaweni yokuhlanganisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe amandla anele.Umthwalo wengcindezi kukesi lokuskrola awudingi ukuhlanganisa okuthuthukisiwe okunamandla aphezulu, ngakho-ke ukunqwabelana okumanzi kwendwangu ye-fiberglass ene-epoxy resin kuzokwanela.Ugqinsi lwekesi lokuskrola lwalusekelwe kupharamitha yokuklama efanayo ne-penstock.Iyunithi engu-250-kW ingumshini wokugeleza kwe-axial, ngakho-ke alikho icala lokuskrola.
Umgijimi we-turbine uhlanganisa i-geometry eyinkimbinkimbi nezidingo zomthwalo ophezulu.Umsebenzi wakamuva ubonise ukuthi izingxenye zesakhiwo ezinamandla aphezulu zingenziwa ku-SMC eqoshiwe e-prepreg enamandla amakhulu nokuqina.5 Ingalo emisiwe ye-Lamborghini Gallardo yaklanywa kusetshenziswa izendlalelo eziningi ze-SMC eqoshiwe eyaziwa ngokuthi yinhlanganisela ehlanganisiwe, ukucindezelwa okubunjiwe. ukukhiqiza ukujiya okudingekayo.Indlela efanayo ingasetshenziswa kuFrancis kanye nabagijimi be-propeller.Umgijimi kaFrancis akanakwenziwa njengeyunithi eyodwa, njengoba ubunkimbinkimbi bokugqagqana kweblade buzovimbela ingxenye ekukhishweni kwesikhunta.Ngakho-ke, izindwani zomgijimi, umqhele kanye nebhande kukhiqizwa ngokuhlukana bese kuhlanganiswe ndawonye futhi kuqiniswe ngamabholithi ngaphandle komqhele nebhande.
Nakuba ishubhu elisalungiswa likhiqizwa kalula kusetshenziswa ukugoqa kwe-filament, le nqubo ayizange idayiswe kusetshenziswa imicu yemvelo.Ngakho, ukuhlelwa kwezandla kwakhethwa, njengoba lena kuyindlela evamile yokukhiqiza, naphezu kwezindleko eziphezulu zokusebenza.Ukusebenzisa isikhunta wesilisa esifana ne-mandrel, ukuhleleka kungaqedwa ngesikhunta esivundlile bese siphenduka siqonde ukwelapha, ukuvimbela ukugoqa ohlangothini olulodwa.Isisindo sezingxenye ezihlanganisiwe sizohluka kancane kuye ngokuthi inani le-resin engxenyeni eqediwe.Lezi zinombolo zisekelwe ku-50% wesisindo se-fiber.
Izisindo eziphelele ze-steel kanye ne-composite 2-MW turbine yi-9,888 kg kanye ne-7,016 kg, ngokulandelanayo.Insimbi engu-250-kW nezinjini zomoya eziyinhlanganisela ingu-3,734 kg no-1,927 kg, ngokulandelana.Amanani athatha amasango ewikhethi angu-20 ku-turbine ngayinye kanye nobude be-penstock obulingana nenhloko ye-turbine.Kungenzeka ukuthi i-penstock izoba yinde futhi idinga ukufakwa, kodwa le nombolo inikeza isilinganiso esiyisisekelo sesisindo seyunithi nama-peripherals ahlobene.Ijeneretha, amabhawodi kanye ne- gate actuating hardware akufakiwe futhi kucatshangwa ukuthi kuyafana phakathi kwamayunithi ayinhlanganisela nensimbi.Kuyafaneleka futhi ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuklama kabusha komgijimi okudingekayo ukuze kulandelwe ukugxila kwengcindezi okubonwa ku-FEA kuzongeza isisindo kumayunithi ayinhlanganisela, kodwa inani lithathwa njengelincane, ngohlelo luka-5 kg ukuze kuqiniswe amaphuzu ngokugxilisa ukucindezeleka.
Ngezisindo ezinikeziwe, i-turbine eyinhlanganisela engu-2-MW kanye ne-penstock yayo ingaphakanyiswa yi-V-22 Osprey esheshayo, kanti umshini wensimbi uzodinga indiza enophephela emhlane ye-Chinook twin rotor ehamba kancane, engalawuleki.Futhi, i-2-MW composite turbine kanye ne-penstock kungadonswa i-F-250 4×4, kuyilapho iyunithi yensimbi izodinga iloli elikhulu okungaba nzima ukulihambisa emigwaqweni yasehlathini uma ukufakwa bekukude.
Iziphetho
Kuyenzeka ukwakha izinjini zomoya ngezinto eziyinhlanganisela, futhi kwehliswa isisindo ngo-50% kuya ku-70% uma kuqhathaniswa nezingxenye zensimbi ezivamile.Isisindo esincishisiwe singavumela ama-turbine ahlanganisiwe ukuthi afakwe ezindaweni ezikude.Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuhlanganiswa kwalezi zakhiwo ezihlanganisiwe akudingi imishini yokushisela.Izingxenye nazo zidinga izingxenye ezimbalwa ukuthi ziboshwe ndawonye, njengoba ucezu ngalunye lungenziwa engxenyeni eyodwa noma ezimbili.Emiqhudelwaneni emincane yokukhiqiza emodelayo kulolu cwaningo, izindleko zokubunjwa nokunye ukusetshenziswa kwamathuluzi kulawula izindleko zengxenye.
Ama-run amancane aboniswe lapha akhombisa ukuthi kungabiza malini ukuqala ucwaningo olwengeziwe ngalezi zinto.Lolu cwaningo lungabhekana nokuguguleka kwe-cavitation nokuvikelwa kwe-UV kwezingxenye ngemva kokufakwa.Kungase kwenzeke ukusebenzisa i-elastomer noma i-ceramic coatings ukuze unciphise i-cavitation noma uqinisekise ukuthi i-turbine isebenza ekugelezeni kanye nemithetho yekhanda evimbela i-cavitation ukuthi ingenzeki.Kuzobaluleka ukuhlola nokuxazulula lezi zinkinga nezinye ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi amayunithi angakwazi ukwethembeka okufanayo kuma-turbine ensimbi, ikakhulukazi uma ezofakwa ezindaweni lapho ukunakekelwa kuzobe kungavamile khona.
Ngisho nakulokhu kugijima okuncane, ezinye izingxenye eziyinhlanganisela zingabiza kakhulu ngenxa yokuncipha komsebenzi odingekayo ekukhiqizeni.Isibonelo, ikesi lokuskrola leyunithi ye-Francis engu-2-MW lingabiza u-$80,000 ukuze lishiselwe ngensimbi uma kuqhathaniswa no-$25,000 wokwenziwa kwenhlanganisela.Kodwa-ke, uma kubhekwa umklamo oyimpumelelo wabagijimi bama-turbine, izindleko zokubumba abagijimi abayinhlanganisela zingaphezu kwezingxenye zensimbi ezifanayo.Umgijimi we-2-MW uzobiza cishe u-$23,000 ukwenza ngensimbi, uma kuqhathaniswa no-$27,000 wenhlanganisela.Izindleko zingahluka ngomshini.Futhi izindleko zezingxenye eziyinhlanganisela zizokwehla kakhulu ekusebenzeni okuphezulu kokukhiqiza uma isikhunta singasetshenziswa kabusha.
Abacwaningi sebevele baphenye ukwakhiwa kwabagijimi be-turbine kusuka ezintweni ezihlanganisiwe.8 Kodwa-ke, lolu cwaningo aluzange lubhekane nokuguguleka kwe-cavitation kanye nokwenzeka kokwakhiwa.Isinyathelo esilandelayo sama-turbine ahlanganisiwe ukuklama nokwakha imodeli yesikali ezovumela ubufakazi bokuthi kungenzeka kanye nomnotho wokukhiqiza.Le yunithi ingase ihlolwe ukuze kutholwe ukusebenza kahle nokusebenziseka, kanye nezindlela zokuvimbela ukuguguleka kwe-cavitation ngokweqile.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-15-2022
