Esimeni esithuthukayo somkhakha wezamandla, ukuphishekela amandla asebenzayo - ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza sebubaluleke kakhulu kunangaphambili. Njengoba umhlaba ubhekene nezinselelo ezimbili zokuhlangabezana nezidingo zamandla ezikhulayo kanye nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwekhabhoni, imithombo yamandla avuselelekayo ibe seqhulwini. Phakathi kwalokhu, ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi ugqama njengendlela ethembekile neqhubekayo, ehlinzeka ngengxenye ebalulekile kagesi womhlaba.
I-Francis turbine, ingxenye ebalulekile ezimbonini eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi, idlala indima ebalulekile kulokhu kuguquguquka kwamandla okuhlanzekile. Yasungulwa nguJames B. Francis ngo-1849, lolu hlobo lwe-turbine selokhu lwaba ngenye yezindawo ezisetshenziswa kakhulu emhlabeni. Ukubaluleka kwawo esizindeni samandla kagesi angeke kweqiswe, njengoba ikwazi ukuguqula kahle amandla amanzi ageleza abe amandla emishini, abese eguqulwa abe amandla kagesi yijeneretha. Ngezinhlelo eziningi ezihlukene, kusukela kumaphrojekthi amancane aphehlwa ngamanzi asemaphandleni kuya ezizindeni ezinkulu zokuphehla amandla okuhweba, i-Francis turbine ibonakale iyisixazululo esisebenza ngezindlela eziningi nesithembekile sokusebenzisa amandla amanzi.
Ukusebenza Kakhulu Ekuguquleni Amandla
I-Francis turbine idume ngokusebenza kwayo okuphezulu ekuguquleni amandla amanzi ageleza abe amandla emishini, abese eguqulwa abe amandla kagesi ngejeneretha. Lokhu kusebenza kahle okuphezulu kuwumphumela wokuklama kwayo okuyingqayizivele nezimiso zokusebenza.
1. Ukusetshenziswa Kwe-Kinetic Namandla Angaba Khona
Ama-turbines kaFrancis aklanyelwe ukusebenzisa ngokugcwele kokubili amandla e-kinetic namandla angaba khona amanzi. Lapho amanzi engena ku-turbine, aqale adlule emgodini ojikelezayo, osakaza amanzi ngokulinganayo eduze komgijimi. Ama-runner blades abunjwa ngokucophelela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuthi ukugeleza kwamanzi kunokuxhumana okubushelelezi nokusebenza kahle nawo. Njengoba amanzi enyakaza ukusuka kububanzi obungaphandle bomgijimi ukuya phakathi nendawo (ngephethini yokugeleza kwe-radial - axial), amandla angaba khona amanzi ngenxa yekhanda lawo (umehluko wokuphakama phakathi komthombo wamanzi kanye ne-turbine) kancane kancane aguqulwa abe amandla e-kinetic. La mandla e-kinetic abe esedluliselwa kumgijimi, okubangela ukuba ajikeleze. Umzila wokugeleza oklanywe kahle kanye nokuma kwama-runner blades kwenza i-turbine ikhiphe inani elikhulu lamandla emanzini, izuze ukuguqulwa kwamandla okusebenzayo okuphezulu.
2. Ukuqhathanisa Nezinye Izinhlobo Zomoya
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zezinjini zamanzi, ezifana ne-Pelton turbine kanye ne-Kaplan turbine, i-Francis turbine inezinzuzo ezihlukile mayelana nokusebenza kahle phakathi kwezimo ezithile zokusebenza.
I-Pelton Turbine: I-Pelton turbine ifaneleka kakhulu ukusetshenziswa kwekhanda eliphezulu. Isebenza ngokusebenzisa amandla e-kinetic wendiza yamanzi enesivinini esiphezulu ukushaya amabhakede kumgijimi. Nakuba isebenza kahle kakhulu ezimweni zekhanda eliphezulu, ayisebenzi kahle njenge-Francis turbine in medium - head applications. I-Francis turbine, enekhono layo lokusebenzisa kokubili amandla e-kinetic namandla angaba khona kanye nezici zayo zokugeleza ezingcono - ezifanelekela imithombo yamanzi enhloko ephakathi, ingafinyelela ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kulobu bubanzi. Isibonelo, endaweni yamandla enomthombo wamanzi wekhanda eliphakathi nendawo (ithi, amamitha angu-50 - 200), i-turbine ye-Francis ingaguqula amandla amanzi abe amandla omshini ngokusebenza kahle okungaba ngu-90% noma ngisho nangaphezulu kwezinye izimo eziklanywe kahle, kuyilapho i-Pelton turbine esebenza ngaphansi kwezimo ezifanayo zekhanda ingase ibe nokusebenza kahle okuphansi uma kuqhathaniswa.
I-Kaplan Turbine: I-Kaplan turbine yenzelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza eziphansi - zekhanda neziphezulu. Nakuba isebenza kahle kakhulu ezimweni eziphansi - zekhanda, lapho ikhanda likhuphuka libe phakathi - ububanzi bekhanda, i-Francis turbine iyayidlula ngokusebenza kahle. Izindwani zokugijima ze-Kaplan turbine ziyalungiseka ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kahle ezimweni eziphansi - zekhanda, eziphezulu - zokugeleza, kodwa umklamo wayo awuhambisani nokuguqulwa kwamandla okusebenzayo ezimeni ezimaphakathi - njenge-Francis turbine. Embonini yamandla enekhanda lamamitha angu-30 - 50, i-turbine ye-Kaplan ingase ibe yisinqumo esingcono kakhulu sokusebenza kahle, kodwa njengoba ikhanda lidlula amamitha angu-50, i-Francis turbine iqala ukukhombisa ukuphakama kwayo emandleni - ukusebenza kahle kokuguqulwa.
Kafushane, idizayini ye-Francis turbine ivumela ukusetshenziswa kahle kwamandla amanzi ezinhlotsheni eziningi ezibanzi ze-medium - head applications, okuyenza ibe yinto ekhethwayo kumaphrojekthi amaningi aphehlwa ngamanzi emhlabeni jikelele.
Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo Ezihlukene Zamanzi
Esinye sezici eziphawulekayo ze-Francis turbine ukukwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo ezihlukahlukene zamanzi, okuyenza ibe ukukhetha okuguquguqukayo kumaphrojekthi kagesi wamanzi emhlabeni jikelele. Lokhu kuvumelana nezimo kubalulekile njengoba imithombo yamanzi ihluka kakhulu ngokwekhanda (ibanga eliqondile amanzi awela ngalo) kanye nezinga lokugeleza ezindaweni ezahlukene.
1. Ukuzivumelanisa nezinga lekhanda nokugeleza
I-Head Range: Ama-turbines kaFrancis angasebenza kahle kulo lonke uhla lwamakhanda olubanzi. Asetshenziswa kakhulu ekusetshenzisweni kwekhanda okuphakathi, ngokuvamile anamakhanda asukela kumamitha angama-20 kuye kwangama-300. Kodwa-ke, ngokuguqulwa okufanelekile komklamo, kungasetshenziswa ngisho nasezimweni eziphansi - zekhanda noma eziphakeme - zekhanda. Isibonelo, esimweni sekhanda eliphansi, ake sithi cishe amamitha angama-20 - 50, i-Francis turbine ingaklanywa ngomumo othize we-runner blade kanye nokugeleza - ukudlula amajiyometri ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukukhishwa kwamandla. Ama-runner blades aklanyelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ukugeleza kwamanzi, okunejubane eliphansi kakhulu ngenxa yekhanda eliphansi, kusengakwazi ukudlulisa ngempumelelo amandla awo kumgijimi. Njengoba ikhanda likhula, umklamo ungalungiswa ukuze uphathe ukugeleza kwamanzi aphezulu - isivinini. Emazingeni aphezulu okusebenza afinyelela kumamitha angama-300, izingxenye ze-turbine zenzelwe ukumelana namanzi anomfutho ophezulu kanye nokuguqula inani elikhulu lamandla angaba khona libe amandla emishini ngendlela efanele.
Ukuhlukahluka Kwezinga Lokugeleza: I-Francis turbine ingaphatha amazinga okugeleza ahlukene. Ingasebenza kahle ngaphansi kwezimo zombili zokugeleza - ukugeleza nokuguquguquka. Kwezinye izitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi, izinga lokugeleza kwamanzi lingahluka ngezikhathi ezithile ngenxa yezinto ezifana namaphethini emvula noma ukuncibilika kweqhwa. Idizayini ye-Francis turbine iyivumela ukuthi igcine ukusebenza kahle okuphakeme noma ngabe izinga lokugeleza lishintsha. Isibonelo, uma izinga lokugeleza liphezulu, i-turbine ingakwazi ukujwayela umthamo okhuphukile wamanzi ngokuqondisa amanzi kahle ezingxenyeni zawo. I-spiral casing kanye nama-vanes omhlahlandlela aklanyelwe ukusabalalisa amanzi ngokulinganayo eduze komgijimi, ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ama-runner blades angakwazi ukusebenzisana ngokuphumelelayo namanzi, kungakhathaliseki izinga lokugeleza. Uma izinga lokugeleza lincipha, i-turbine isengasebenza ngokuzinzile, nakuba amandla okukhipha amandla ngokwemvelo azoncishiswa ngokulingana nokuncipha kokugeleza kwamanzi.
2. Izibonelo Zokusebenza Ezindaweni Ezihlukene Zendawo
Izifunda Ezinezintaba: Ezindaweni ezinezintaba, njengezintaba zase-Himalaya e-Asia noma i-Andes eNingizimu Melika, kunamaphrojekthi amaningi kagesi aphehlwa ngamanzi asebenzisa izinjini zomoya zikaFrancis. Lezi zifunda zivame ukuba nemithombo yamanzi ephezulu ngenxa yendawo engumqansa. Isibonelo, iDamu laseNurek eTajikistan, elisezintabeni zasePamir, linomthombo wamanzi aphezulu. Ama-turbines kaFrancis afakwe e-Nurek Hydropower Station aklanyelwe ukuphatha umehluko omkhulu wekhanda (idamu linobude obungaphezu kwamamitha angu-300). Amaturbines aguqula ngempumelelo amandla aphezulu - angaba namandla emanzini abe amandla kagesi, abe nesandla esikhulu ekuhlinzekeni kukagesi ezweni. Izinguquko zokuphakama kwezintaba zinikeza inhloko edingekayo ukuze izinjini zomoya zikaFrancis zisebenze kahle kakhulu, futhi ukuzivumelanisa kwazo nezimo zekhanda eliphezulu kuzenza zibe ukukhetha okuhle kwamaphrojekthi anjalo.
Amathafa Omfula: Emathafeni agudle umfula, lapho ikhanda liphansi kakhulu kodwa izinga lokugeleza lingaba likhulu, ama-turbines kaFrancis nawo asetshenziswa kabanzi. I-Three Gorges Dam e-China iyisibonelo esihle. Njengoba liseMfuleni i-Yangtze, idamu linekhanda eliwela phakathi kwebanga elifanele izinjini zomoya zikaFrancis. Izinjini eziphehla amandla e-Three Gorges Hydropower Station zidinga ukuphatha izinga elikhulu lokugeleza kwamanzi asuka emfuleni i-Yangtze. Ama-turbines kaFrancis aklanyelwe ukuguqula kahle amandla okugeleza kwamanzi ekhanda elikhulu - elikhulu, eliphansi - libe amandla kagesi. Ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kwama-turbine akwaFrancis kumazinga okugeleza ahlukene kuwavumela ukuba asebenzise ngokugcwele imithombo yamanzi omfula, akhiqize inani elikhulu likagesi ukuze ahlangabezane nezidingo zamandla zengxenye enkulu yaseShayina.
Izindawo Zasesiqhingini: Iziqhingi zivame ukuba nezici ezihlukile zemithombo yamanzi. Isibonelo, kwezinye iziqhingi zasePacific, lapho kunemifula emincane – kuya – emaphakathi – enezilinganiso zokugeleza eziguquguqukayo kuye ngezinkathi zemvula nesomiso, ama-Francis turbines asetshenziswa ezitshalweni ezincane zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi. Lawa ma turbine angakwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo zamanzi ezishintshayo, anikeze umthombo othembekile kagesi emiphakathini yendawo. Ngenkathi yemvula, lapho izinga lokugeleza liphezulu, izinjini zomoya zingasebenza ngokuphuma kwamandla aphezulu, futhi ngenkathi eyomile, zisengasebenza ngokugeleza kwamanzi okuncishisiwe, nakuba kusezingeni eliphansi lamandla, ukuqinisekisa ukunikezwa kwamandla okuqhubekayo.
Ukuthembeka kanye Nokusebenza Kwesikhathi Eside
I-Francis turbine ihlonishwa kakhulu ngokwethembeka namandla ayo okusebenza kwesikhathi eside, okubalulekile ezikhungweni zokuphehla ugesi ezidinga ukugcina ukunikezwa kwamandla okuzinzile esikhathini eside.
1. I-Robust Structural Design
I-Francis turbine inesakhiwo esiqinile nesiklanywe kahle. Umgijimi, okuyingxenye ejikelezayo emaphakathi ye-turbine, ngokuvamile wenziwa ngezinto zamandla eziphezulu njengensimbi engagqwali noma ama-alloys akhethekile. Lezi zinto zikhethwa ngenxa yezakhiwo zazo ezinhle kakhulu zemishini, okuhlanganisa amandla aqinile aqinile, ukumelana nokugqwala, nokumelana nokukhathala. Isibonelo, ngezinga elikhulu ama-Francis turbines asetshenziswa ezitshalweni ezinkulu zokuphehla amandla ngamanzi, ama-runner blades aklanyelwe ukumelana nokugeleza kwamanzi anomfutho ophezulu kanye nokucindezeleka kwemishini okukhiqizwa ngesikhathi sokuzungezisa. Idizayini yomgijimi ithuthukisiwe ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusatshalaliswa kwengcindezi okufanayo, kuncishiswe ubungozi bezindawo zokugxilisa ingcindezi ezingaholela ekuqhekekeni noma ekuhlulekeni kwesakhiwo.
I-spiral casing, eqondisa amanzi kumgijimi, nayo yakhiwe kucatshangwa ukuthi ihlala isikhathi eside. Ivamise ukwakhiwa ngamapuleti ensimbi awugqinsi anezindonga akwazi ukumelana nokugeleza kwamanzi anengcindezi ephezulu engena ku-turbine. Ukuxhumana phakathi kwe-spiral casing nezinye izakhi, njengama-vanes okuhlala kanye ne-guide vanes, yakhelwe ukuthi iqine futhi ithembekile, iqinisekisa ukuthi sonke isakhiwo singasebenza kahle ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlukahlukene zokusebenza.
2. Izidingo Zokugcina Eziphansi
Enye yezinzuzo ezibalulekile ze-Francis turbine izidingo zayo zokulungisa eziphansi uma kuqhathaniswa. Ngenxa yedizayini yayo elula nephumelelayo, kunezingxenye ezihambayo ezimbalwa uma kuqhathaniswa nezinye izinhlobo zama-turbines, okunciphisa amathuba okuhluleka kwengxenye. Isibonelo, ama-vane aqondisayo, alawula ukugeleza kwamanzi kumgijimi, anohlelo oluqondile lokuxhumanisa lwemishini. Lolu hlelo kulula ukulufinyelela ukuze luhlolwe futhi lulungiswe. Imisebenzi yokulungisa ejwayelekile ikakhulukazi ihlanganisa ukugcotshwa kwezingxenye ezihambayo, ukuhlolwa kwezigxivizo ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuvuza kwamanzi, nokuqapha isimo sonke sokusebenza kwe-turbine.
Izinto ezisetshenziswa ekwakhiweni kwe-turbine nazo zifaka isandla ezidingweni zayo zokulungisa eziphansi. Izinto ezikwazi ukumelana nokugqwala ezisetshenziselwa umgijimi nezinye izingxenye ezivezwe emanzini zinciphisa isidingo sokushintshwa njalo ngenxa yokugqwala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-turbines esimanje kaFrancis afakwe izinhlelo zokuqapha ezithuthukile. Lawa masistimu angakwazi ukuqapha ngokuqhubekayo amapharamitha afana nokudlidliza, izinga lokushisa, nokucindezela. Ngokuhlaziya le datha, ama-opharetha angakwazi ukubona izinkinga ezingaba khona kusenesikhathi futhi enze ukunakekelwa kokuvimbela, okuqhubeka nokunciphisa isidingo sokuvalwa okungalindelekile ukuze kulungiswe izinto ezinkulu.
3. Impilo Emide Yenkonzo
Ama-turbines kaFrancis anempilo ende yesevisi, ngokuvamile ethatha amashumi eminyaka ambalwa. Ezimbonini eziningi eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi emhlabeni jikelele, izinjini zomoya zikaFrancis ezafakwa emashumini eminyaka ambalwa edlule zisasebenza futhi ziphehla ugesi ngendlela efanele. Isibonelo, amanye ama-turbines asekuqaleni afakiwe e-Francis e-United States naseYurophu asebenze iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-50. Ngokulungiswa okufanele kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwezikhathi ezithile, lawa ma turbine angaqhubeka nokusebenza ngokwethembeka.
Impilo ende yesevisi ye-Francis turbine ayizuzisi nje kuphela imboni yokuphehla amandla - ngokuphathelene nezindleko - ukusebenza kahle kodwa futhi nasekuzinzeni okuphelele kokuphakelwa kukagesi. I-turbine ehlala isikhathi eside isho ukuthi izimboni zikagesi zingagwema izindleko eziphezulu kanye nokuphazamiseka okuhambisana nokushintshwa kaningi kwama-turbine. Kuphinde kube nomthelela ekusebenzeni kwesikhathi eside kokuphehlwa ngamanzi njengomthombo wamandla onokwethenjelwa nosimeme, oqinisekisa ukuthi ugesi ohlanzekile ungaphehlwa ngokuqhubekayo iminyaka eminingi.
Izindleko - ukusebenza ku-Long Run
Uma kucutshungulwa izindleko - ukusebenza ngempumelelo kobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza amandla, i-Francis turbine ikhombisa ukuthi iyinketho ekahle ekusebenzeni kwesikhathi eside kwezimboni zokuphehla ugesi ngamanzi.
1. Utshalomali Lokuqala kanye Nezindleko Zokusebenza Zesikhathi Eside
Ukutshalwa Kwezimali Kokuqala: Nakuba ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala kuphrojekthi ye-Francis turbine - based hydropower kungase kube phezulu, kubalulekile ukucabangela umbono wesikhathi eside. Izindleko ezihambisana nokuthenga, ukufakwa, nokusetha kokuqala kwe-Francis turbine, okuhlanganisa umgijimi, i-spiral casing, nezinye izingxenye, kanye nokwakhiwa kwengqalasizinda yesizinda samandla kagesi, zibalulekile. Kodwa-ke, lokhu kukhishwa kokuqala kuxazululwa yizinzuzo zesikhathi eside. Isibonelo, endaweni yobukhulu obumaphakathi obuphehlwa ngamanzi enamandla angu-50 - 100 MW, ukutshalwa kwezimali kokuqala kwesethi yezinjini zomoya ze-Francis kanye nemishini ehlobene kungase kube kububanzi obungamashumi ezigidi zamadola. Kodwa uma kuqhathaniswa nobunye ubuchwepheshe bokuphehla amandla, njengokwakha isikhungo esisha sokuphehla amandla kagesi ngamalahle esidinga ukutshalwa kwezimali okuqhubekayo ekuthengeni amalahle kanye nemishini yokuvikela eyinkimbinkimbi yezemvelo ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezindinganiso zokukhipha umoya, isakhiwo sezindleko zesikhathi eside sephrojekthi ka-Francis - turbine - based hydropower sizinze kakhulu.
Izindleko Zokusebenza Zesikhathi eside: Izindleko zokusebenza kwe-Francis turbine ziphansi kakhulu. Uma i-turbine isifakiwe nesizinda sikagesi sesisebenza, izindleko eziqhubekayo eziyinhloko zihlobene nezisebenzi zokuqapha nokunakekela, kanye nezindleko zokushintsha ezinye izingxenye ezincane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ukusebenza kahle okuphezulu kwe-Francis turbine kusho ukuthi ingakhiqiza inani elikhulu likagesi ngenani elincane lokufakwa kwamanzi. Lokhu kunciphisa izindleko ngeyunithi ngayinye kagesi okhiqizwayo. Ngokuphambene, izitshalo zamandla ashisayo, njengezitshalo zamalahle - ezibasiwe noma igesi - zinezindleko ezinkulu zikaphethiloli ezikhuphuka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi ngenxa yezinto ezifana nokukhuphuka kwamanani kaphethiloli kanye nokushintshashintsha kwemakethe yamandla omhlaba. Isibonelo, indawo yokuphehla uphethiloli ngamalahle ingase ibone izindleko zayo zikaphethiloli zikhuphuka ngephesenti elithile unyaka ngamunye njengoba amanani amalahle engaphansi kokuhlinzekwa - kanye - nokushintsha kokufunwa, izindleko zezimayini, nezindleko zokuthutha. Embonini ka-Francis - i-turbine - powered hydropower, izindleko zamanzi, "okungamafutha" e-turbine, empeleni zimahhala, ngaphandle kwanoma yiziphi izindleko ezihambisana namanzi - ukuphathwa kwezinsiza kanye nezinkokhelo zamalungelo amanzi angaba khona -, okuvame ukuba ngaphansi kakhulu kunezindleko zikaphethiloli wezitshalo zamandla ashisayo.
2. Ukunciphisa Amandla Aphelele - Izindleko Zokukhiqiza NgokuSebenza Okuseqophelweni Eliphezulu kanye Nokulungiswa Okuphansi
Ukusebenza Okuphakeme - Ukusebenza kahle: Amandla aphezulu - asebenza kahle - amandla okuguqula e-Francis turbine afaka isandla ngokuqondile ekwehliseni izindleko. I-turbine esebenza kahle kakhulu ingakhiqiza ugesi owengeziwe ngenani elifanayo lemithombo yamanzi. Isibonelo, uma i-turbine ye-Francis ikwazi ukusebenza kahle okungama-90% ekuguquleni amandla amanzi abe amandla kagesi (abe eseguqulwa abe amandla kagesi), uma kuqhathaniswa ne-turbine engasebenzi kahle esebenza kahle ngama-80%, ngokugeleza kwamanzi nekhanda elinikeziwe, i-90% - esebenza kahle ka-Francis turbine izokhiqiza ugesi ongaphezulu ongu-12.5%. Lokhu kukhuphuka kwamandla kagesi kusho ukuthi izindleko ezingaguquki ezihambisana nokusebenza kukagesi - kwesikhungo, njengezindleko zengqalasizinda, zokuphatha, nabasebenzi, zisabalele ngenani elikhulu lokukhiqizwa kukagesi. Ngenxa yalokho, izindleko zeyunithi ngayinye kagesi (izindleko ezilinganiselwe zikagesi, i-LCOE) ziyancipha.
Isondlo Esiphansi: Imvelo ephansi - yokugcinwa kwe-Francis turbine nayo idlala indima ebalulekile ezindlekweni - ukusebenza kahle. Ngezingxenye ezimbalwa ezihambayo kanye nokusetshenziswa kwezinto ezihlala isikhathi eside, imvamisa yokulungiswa okukhulu nokushintshwa kwengxenye iphansi. Imisebenzi yokulungisa ejwayelekile, njengokugcoba nokuhlola, ayimbi eqolo. Ngokuphambene, ezinye izinhlobo zama-turbines noma izisetshenziswa zokuphehla amandla zingase zidinge ukunakekelwa okuvamile nokumba eqolo. Isibonelo, i-wind turbine, nakuba ivuseleleka - umthombo wamandla, inezingxenye ezifana nebhokisi likagiya elijwayele ukuguga futhi lingadabukisa futhi lingadinga ukulungiswa okumba eqolo noma ukushintshwa njalo ngemva kweminyaka embalwa. Embonini ka-Francis - i-turbine - based hydropower, izikhawu ezinde phakathi kwemisebenzi emikhulu yokulungisa isho ukuthi izindleko zokulungisa zizonke phakathi nesikhathi sokuphila kwe-turbine ziphansi kakhulu. Lokhu, kuhlangene nempilo yayo ende yesevisi, kunciphisa nakakhulu izindleko eziphelele zokukhiqiza ugesi ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okwenza i-Francis turbine ibe yindleko - ukukhetha okuphumelelayo kokukhiqiza amandla esikhathi eside - isikhathi eside.
Ubungane Bemvelo
I-Francis turbine - based hydropower generation ihlinzeka ngezinzuzo ezibalulekile zemvelo uma iqhathaniswa nezinye izindlela eziningi zokuphehla amandla, okuyenza ibe yingxenye ebalulekile ekushintsheni kokuya esikhathini esizayo samandla esimeme kakhudlwana.
1. Ukukhishwa Kwekhabhoni Eyehlisiwe
Enye yezinzuzo zemvelo ezigqame kakhulu zama-Francis turbines yi-carbon footprint yabo encane. Ngokuphambene nezinsalela - uphethiloli - ugesi osekelwe kuphethiloli, njengamalahle - ashiswayo kanye negesi - izimboni zamandla kagesi, izimboni eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ezisebenzisa izinjini zikaFrancis aziwashisi amafutha ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Izitshalo zamandla kagesi ezibaswa ngamalahle ziyizikhiqizi ezinkulu ze-carbon dioxide (\(CO_2\)), enezimboni ezinkulu ezibaswa ngamalahle - ezikhipha izigidi zamathani \(CO_2\) ngonyaka. Isibonelo, indawo yokuphehla amalahle engu-500 – MW - ingakhipha amathani acishe abe izigidi ezi-3 ze-\(CO_2\) ngonyaka. Uma kuqhathaniswa, indawo yokuphehla amandla ngamanzi enamandla afanayo afakwe izinjini zomoya ze-Francis ayikhiqizi cishe \(CO_2\) ukukhishwa okuqondile \(CO_2\) phakathi nokusebenza. Lesi sici se-zero - emission of Francis - turbine - powered hydropower plant sidlala indima ebalulekile emizamweni yomhlaba wonke yokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwegesi ebamba ukushisa kanye nokunciphisa ukushintsha kwesimo sezulu. Ngokufaka ugesi wamanzi esikhundleni se-fossil - fuel-based power power, amazwe angafaka isandla kakhulu ekuhlangabezaneni nemigomo yawo yokunciphisa ikhabhoni. Isibonelo, amazwe afana neNorway, athembele kakhulu kugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi (okusetshenziswa kakhulu izinjini zophephela ze-Francis), anokukhishwa kwekhabhoni ephansi ngokwe-capita ngayinye uma kuqhathaniswa namazwe ancike kakhulu emithonjeni yamandla esekelwe kuphethiloli.
2. Umoya Ophansi - Ukukhishwa Okungcolisayo
Ngaphezu kokukhishwa kwekhabhoni, izinsalela zamandla asekelwe kuphethiloli - ziphinde zikhiphe izinhlobonhlobo zezinto ezingcolisa umoya, njengesulphur dioxide (\(SO_2\)), ama-nitrogen oxides (\(NO_x\)), kanye ne-particle. Lezi zinto ezingcolisayo zinemithelela emibi kakhulu kwikhwalithi yomoya kanye nempilo yabantu. \(SO_2\) ingabangela imvula ene-asidi, elimaza amahlathi, amachibi, nezakhiwo. \(NO_x\) inomthelela ekwakhekeni kwentuthu futhi ingabangela izinkinga zokuphefumula. I-particle, ikakhulukazi i-fine particle (PM2.5), ihlotshaniswa nohlu lwezinkinga zempilo, okuhlanganisa izifo zenhliziyo namaphaphu.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uFrancis - turbine - based hydropower izitshalo, azikhiphi lezi zinto ezingcolisa umoya eziyingozi ngesikhathi sokusebenza. Lokhu kusho ukuthi izifunda ezinezimboni eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi zingajabulela umoya ohlanzekile, okuholela ekuthuthukisweni kwezempilo yomphakathi. Ezindaweni lapho ugesi ophehlwa ngamanzi uthathe indawo yengxenye enkulu yensalela yezinto ezimbiwa phansi - uphehlwa kwamandla kaphethiloli, kube nokuthuthuka okubonakalayo kwekhwalithi yomoya. Isibonelo, kwezinye izifunda zaseShayina lapho amaphrojekthi amakhulu okuphehla amandla ngamanzi anezinjini zomoya ze-Francis athuthukisiwe, amazinga \(SO_2\), \(NO_x\), kanye nezinhlayiya ezisemoyeni zehlile, okuholele ezimweni ezimbalwa zezifo zokuphefumula nenhliziyo nemithambo yegazi phakathi kwabantu bendawo.
3. Umthelela Oncane ku-Ecosystem
Uma iklanywe futhi ilawulwa kahle, i-Francis - i-turbine - based hydropower plant ingaba nomthelela omncane uma kuqhathaniswa ne-ecosystem ezungezile uma kuqhathaniswa namanye amaphrojekthi okuthuthukisa amandla.
I-Fish Passage: Izitshalo eziningi zesimanje eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ezinezinjini zomoya ze-Francis ziklanywe ngezinsiza zezinhlanzi. Lezi zinsiza, njengezitebhisi zezinhlanzi kanye namakheshi ezinhlanzi, zakhiwe ukuze zisize izinhlanzi zifuduke zikhuphuke nomfula. Isibonelo, eMfuleni i-Columbia eNyakatho Melika, izitshalo zamandla kagesi zifake izinhlanzi eziyinkimbinkimbi - ama-passage systems. Lezi zinhlelo zivumela ama-salmon nezinye izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezifudukayo ukuba zidlule amadamu nezinjini zomoya, okuzenza zikwazi ukufinyelela lapho zizalela khona. Ukuklanywa kwalezi zinhlanzi - izindawo zokudlula kubheka indlela yokuziphatha namandla okubhukuda ezinhlobo ezahlukene zezinhlanzi, kuqinisekiswe ukuthi izinga lokusinda kwezinhlanzi ezifudukayo liyakhula.
Amanzi - Ukugcinwa Kwekhwalithi: Ukusebenza kwama-turbines kaFrancis akubangeli izinguquko ezibalulekile kwikhwalithi yamanzi. Ngokungafani neminye imisebenzi yezimboni noma izinhlobo ezithile zokuphehla ugesi ezingase zingcolise imithombo yamanzi, izitshalo eziphehla ugesi ngamanzi ezisebenzisa izinjini zomoya zikaFrancis ngokuvamile zigcina ikhwalithi yemvelo yamanzi. Amanzi adlula kuma-turbines awashintshiwe ngamakhemikhali, futhi ukushintsha kwezinga lokushisa ngokuvamile kuncane. Lokhu kubalulekile ukuze kugcinwe impilo yezinto eziphilayo zasemanzini, njengoba izinto eziningi eziphilayo zasemanzini ziyazwela ekushintsheni kwezinga lamanzi kanye nezinga lokushisa. Emifuleni lapho kutholakala khona izitshalo eziphehla amandla ngamanzi anezinjini zomoya ze-Francis, izinga lamanzi lihlala lifanele ukuphila okuhlukahlukene kwasemanzini, okuhlanganisa izinhlanzi, izilwane ezingenamgogodla, nezitshalo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Feb-21-2025
